{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7224090291","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2147/dddt.s623611","title":"Formononetin as a Natural Product-Derived Candidate for Diabetic Microvascular Complications: Mechanistic Evidence, Pharmacokinetics, Formulation Strategies, and Translational Barriers","display_name":"Formononetin as a Natural Product-Derived Candidate for Diabetic Microvascular Complications: Mechanistic Evidence, Pharmacokinetics, Formulation Strategies, and Translational Barriers","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7224090291","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2147/dddt.s623611","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42973981","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13725093"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2147/dddt.s623611","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2147/dddt.s623611","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2147/dddt.s623611","pdf_url":"https://www.dovepress.com/article/download/121463","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2496126384","display_name":"Drug Design Development and Therapy","issn_l":"1177-8881","issn":["1177-8881"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320348","host_organization_name":"Dove Medical Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320348","https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Dove Medical Press","Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Drug Design, Development and Therapy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.dovepress.com/article/download/121463","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5147026360","display_name":"Xiaotian Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9945-4581","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9945-4581"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I190242452","display_name":"Guangdong Pharmaceutical University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vg7mz57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I190242452"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802939634","display_name":"Chinese PLA General Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/04gw3ra78","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802939634"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391767906","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases","ror":"https://ror.org/00s577731","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802939634","https://openalex.org/I4391767906"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaotian Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Senior Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China","The College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9945-4581","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Senior Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802939634","https://openalex.org/I4391767906"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I190242452"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5152974544","display_name":"Yingtao Zhang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I190242452","display_name":"Guangdong Pharmaceutical University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vg7mz57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I190242452"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802939634","display_name":"Chinese PLA General Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/04gw3ra78","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802939634"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391767906","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases","ror":"https://ror.org/00s577731","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802939634","https://openalex.org/I4391767906"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yingtao Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Senior Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China","The College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Senior Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802939634","https://openalex.org/I4391767906"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I190242452"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5146975534","display_name":"Yan Zheng","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I190242452","display_name":"Guangdong Pharmaceutical University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vg7mz57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I190242452"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802939634","display_name":"Chinese PLA General Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/04gw3ra78","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802939634"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391767906","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases","ror":"https://ror.org/00s577731","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802939634","https://openalex.org/I4391767906"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yan Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Senior Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China","The College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Senior Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802939634","https://openalex.org/I4391767906"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I190242452"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040151794","display_name":"Luying Qiao","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I190242452","display_name":"Guangdong Pharmaceutical University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vg7mz57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I190242452"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802939634","display_name":"Chinese PLA General Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/04gw3ra78","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802939634"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391767906","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases","ror":"https://ror.org/00s577731","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802939634","https://openalex.org/I4391767906"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luying Qiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Senior Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China","The College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Senior Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802939634","https://openalex.org/I4391767906"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I190242452"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5152977439","display_name":"Xiaoling Liu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802939634","display_name":"Chinese PLA General Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/04gw3ra78","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802939634"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391767906","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases","ror":"https://ror.org/00s577731","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802939634","https://openalex.org/I4391767906"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoling Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Senior Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Senior Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802939634","https://openalex.org/I4391767906"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124218903","display_name":"Sifan Yang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802939634","display_name":"Chinese PLA General Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/04gw3ra78","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802939634"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391767906","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases","ror":"https://ror.org/00s577731","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802939634","https://openalex.org/I4391767906"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I53411278","display_name":"Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/00pcrz470","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I53411278"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sifan Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, People's Republic of China","Senior Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I53411278"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Senior Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802939634","https://openalex.org/I4391767906"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5153012287","display_name":"Xun Chen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I190242452","display_name":"Guangdong Pharmaceutical University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vg7mz57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I190242452"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802939634","display_name":"Chinese PLA General Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/04gw3ra78","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802939634"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391767906","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases","ror":"https://ror.org/00s577731","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802939634","https://openalex.org/I4391767906"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xun Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Senior Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China","The College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Senior Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802939634","https://openalex.org/I4391767906"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I190242452"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160006191","display_name":"Yunming Xiao","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802939634","display_name":"Chinese PLA General Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/04gw3ra78","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802939634"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391767906","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases","ror":"https://ror.org/00s577731","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802939634","https://openalex.org/I4391767906"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunming Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Senior Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Senior Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802939634","https://openalex.org/I4391767906"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115694766","display_name":"Xu Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4129-4322","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4129-4322"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802939634","display_name":"Chinese PLA General Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/04gw3ra78","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802939634"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391767906","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases","ror":"https://ror.org/00s577731","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802939634","https://openalex.org/I4391767906"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xu Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Senior Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Senior Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802939634","https://openalex.org/I4391767906"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160015595","display_name":"Ran Liu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802939634","display_name":"Chinese PLA General Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/04gw3ra78","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802939634"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391767906","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases","ror":"https://ror.org/00s577731","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802939634","https://openalex.org/I4391767906"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ran Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Senior Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Senior Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802939634","https://openalex.org/I4391767906"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046392428","display_name":"Zheyi Dong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7426-1666","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7426-1666"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802939634","display_name":"Chinese PLA General Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/04gw3ra78","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802939634"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391767906","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases","ror":"https://ror.org/00s577731","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802939634","https://openalex.org/I4391767906"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zheyi Dong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Senior Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7426-1666","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Senior Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802939634","https://openalex.org/I4391767906"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115695507","display_name":"Qian Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6052-9665","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6052-9665"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802939634","display_name":"Chinese PLA General Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/04gw3ra78","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802939634"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391767906","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases","ror":"https://ror.org/00s577731","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802939634","https://openalex.org/I4391767906"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qian Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Senior Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Senior Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802939634","https://openalex.org/I4391767906"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101809859","display_name":"Xiangmei Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8774-6021","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8774-6021"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I190242452","display_name":"Guangdong Pharmaceutical University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vg7mz57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I190242452"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802939634","display_name":"Chinese PLA General Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/04gw3ra78","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802939634"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391767906","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases","ror":"https://ror.org/00s577731","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802939634","https://openalex.org/I4391767906"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiangmei Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Senior Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China","The College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8774-6021","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Senior Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802939634","https://openalex.org/I4391767906"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I190242452"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040205037","display_name":"Quan Hong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6839-7695","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6839-7695"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802939634","display_name":"Chinese PLA General Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/04gw3ra78","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802939634"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391767906","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases","ror":"https://ror.org/00s577731","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802939634","https://openalex.org/I4391767906"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Quan Hong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Senior Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6839-7695","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Senior Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802939634","https://openalex.org/I4391767906"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5040205037","https://openalex.org/A5101809859"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I190242452","https://openalex.org/I2802939634","https://openalex.org/I4391767906"],"apc_list":{"value":2836,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2836},"apc_paid":{"value":2836,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2836},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.56906667,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"Volume 20","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"19"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12582","display_name":"Flavonoids in Medical Research","score":0.5976999998092651,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2736","display_name":"Pharmacology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12582","display_name":"Flavonoids in Medical Research","score":0.5976999998092651,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2736","display_name":"Pharmacology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11140","display_name":"Natural Antidiabetic Agents Studies","score":0.10369999706745148,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12257","display_name":"Bioactive natural compounds","score":0.06989999860525131,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3002","display_name":"Drug Discovery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/30","display_name":"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formononetin","display_name":"formononetin","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetic-microvascular-complications","display_name":"diabetic microvascular complications","score":0.8989999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/astragalus-membranaceus","display_name":"Astragalus membranaceus","score":0.9929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/isoflavones","display_name":"isoflavones","score":0.8339999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetic-nephropathy","display_name":"diabetic nephropathy","score":0.9570000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetic-retinopathy","display_name":"diabetic retinopathy","score":0.8980000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetic-neuropathy","display_name":"diabetic neuropathy","score":0.9539999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetic-cardiomyopathy","display_name":"diabetic cardiomyopathy","score":0.9610000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetic-wound-healing","display_name":"diabetic wound healing","score":0.9829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oxidative-stress","display_name":"oxidative stress","score":0.8289999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nrf2","display_name":"Nrf2","score":0.9440000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mitochondrial-dysfunction","display_name":"mitochondrial dysfunction","score":0.9039999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/angiogenesis","display_name":"angiogenesis","score":0.9869999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/endothelial-dysfunction","display_name":"endothelial dysfunction","score":0.9900000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pharmacokinetics","display_name":"pharmacokinetics","score":0.8610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pharmaceutical-formulations","display_name":"drug formulation","score":0.7789999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clinical-translation","display_name":"clinical translation","score":0.7070000171661377}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776578907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408859","display_name":"Formononetin","level":4,"score":0.8004999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.690500020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779829184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631361","display_name":"Diabetic retinopathy","level":3,"score":0.6895999908447266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898814","display_name":"Oxidative stress","level":2,"score":0.6079999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98274493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128406","display_name":"Pharmacology","level":1,"score":0.5924000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555293320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","level":2,"score":0.5874000191688538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779580426","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5024637","display_name":"Calycosin","level":5,"score":0.5622000098228455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780798337","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q157184","display_name":"Astragalus","level":4,"score":0.46059998869895935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60644358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128570","display_name":"Bioinformatics","level":1,"score":0.4246000051498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.38420000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7836513","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1641506","display_name":"Hypoxia (environmental)","level":3,"score":0.3522000014781952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64903051","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2198549","display_name":"Drug development","level":3,"score":0.33239999413490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778379183","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3234924","display_name":"Isoflavonoid","level":4,"score":0.328000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74187038","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1418791","display_name":"Drug discovery","level":2,"score":0.32249999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48349386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q424361","display_name":"Reactive oxygen species","level":2,"score":0.32100000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112705442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q323936","display_name":"Pharmacokinetics","level":2,"score":0.31700000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780035454","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8386","display_name":"Drug","level":2,"score":0.31520000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777180221","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3025883","display_name":"Type 2 diabetes","level":3,"score":0.28949999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188947578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200253","display_name":"Traditional Chinese medicine","level":3,"score":0.2705000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780394083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q539568","display_name":"Angiogenesis","level":2,"score":0.2694000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778653478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1054718","display_name":"Kidney disease","level":2,"score":0.2628999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780152017","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q424771","display_name":"Rosiglitazone","level":3,"score":0.26019999384880066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776527163","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q409669","display_name":"Paraquat","level":2,"score":0.2596000134944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779922275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1129105","display_name":"Diabetic nephropathy","level":3,"score":0.25940001010894775}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001688","descriptor_name":"Biological Products","qualifier_ui":"Q000493","qualifier_name":"pharmacokinetics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001688","descriptor_name":"Biological Products","qualifier_ui":"Q000494","qualifier_name":"pharmacology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001688","descriptor_name":"Biological Products","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003925","descriptor_name":"Diabetic Angiopathies","qualifier_ui":"Q000188","qualifier_name":"drug therapy","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004339","descriptor_name":"Drug Compounding","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007529","descriptor_name":"Isoflavones","qualifier_ui":"Q000493","qualifier_name":"pharmacokinetics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007529","descriptor_name":"Isoflavones","qualifier_ui":"Q000494","qualifier_name":"pharmacology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007529","descriptor_name":"Isoflavones","qualifier_ui":"Q000627","qualifier_name":"therapeutic use","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007529","descriptor_name":"Isoflavones","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2147/dddt.s623611","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2147/dddt.s623611","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2147/dddt.s623611","pdf_url":"https://www.dovepress.com/article/download/121463","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2496126384","display_name":"Drug Design Development and Therapy","issn_l":"1177-8881","issn":["1177-8881"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320348","host_organization_name":"Dove Medical Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320348","https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Dove Medical Press","Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Drug Design, Development and Therapy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13725093","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13725093/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13725093/pdf/DDDT-20-623611.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Drug Des Devel Ther","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:42973981","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42973981","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Drug design, development and therapy","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f07a423b6f4144dd910e53b27f18d70c","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f07a423b6f4144dd910e53b27f18d70c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Drug Design, Development and Therapy, Vol Volume 20, Iss Issue 1, Pp 1-19 (2026)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dovepress.com/121463","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.dovepress.com/formononetin-as-a-natural-product-derived-candidate-for-diabetic-micro-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-DDDT","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401012","display_name":"Dove Medical Press (Taylor and Francis Group)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Review"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2147/dddt.s623611","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2147/dddt.s623611","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2147/dddt.s623611","pdf_url":"https://www.dovepress.com/article/download/121463","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2496126384","display_name":"Drug Design Development and Therapy","issn_l":"1177-8881","issn":["1177-8881"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320348","host_organization_name":"Dove Medical Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320348","https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Dove Medical Press","Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Drug Design, Development and Therapy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9940000176429749,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7224090291.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7224090291.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":76,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W202493534","https://openalex.org/W1150177313","https://openalex.org/W1994586067","https://openalex.org/W2003762787","https://openalex.org/W2018795785","https://openalex.org/W2019189194","https://openalex.org/W2026836636","https://openalex.org/W2030174926","https://openalex.org/W2062118089","https://openalex.org/W2075354328","https://openalex.org/W2102694063","https://openalex.org/W2167163909","https://openalex.org/W2297833446","https://openalex.org/W2414091530","https://openalex.org/W2523648925","https://openalex.org/W2606382780","https://openalex.org/W2738261991","https://openalex.org/W2796370042","https://openalex.org/W2803965312","https://openalex.org/W2809489644","https://openalex.org/W2904626971","https://openalex.org/W2909517991","https://openalex.org/W2963223161","https://openalex.org/W2964639056","https://openalex.org/W2966813031","https://openalex.org/W2969456209","https://openalex.org/W2991272586","https://openalex.org/W2993607665","https://openalex.org/W3048733009","https://openalex.org/W3087827233","https://openalex.org/W3110572708","https://openalex.org/W3116669250","https://openalex.org/W3119063206","https://openalex.org/W3120830890","https://openalex.org/W3158928446","https://openalex.org/W3180700199","https://openalex.org/W3211961880","https://openalex.org/W4210651614","https://openalex.org/W4280514296","https://openalex.org/W4280640126","https://openalex.org/W4283321771","https://openalex.org/W4285084700","https://openalex.org/W4312172938","https://openalex.org/W4317717657","https://openalex.org/W4320035743","https://openalex.org/W4382239318","https://openalex.org/W4383484139","https://openalex.org/W4383879255","https://openalex.org/W4385070111","https://openalex.org/W4386819526","https://openalex.org/W4388256175","https://openalex.org/W4388289606","https://openalex.org/W4388461790","https://openalex.org/W4389500245","https://openalex.org/W4389525746","https://openalex.org/W4391354283","https://openalex.org/W4398793911","https://openalex.org/W4399437467","https://openalex.org/W4400335619","https://openalex.org/W4400650953","https://openalex.org/W4401244134","https://openalex.org/W4401623046","https://openalex.org/W4402362758","https://openalex.org/W4402726283","https://openalex.org/W4403083159","https://openalex.org/W4405476686","https://openalex.org/W4405491993","https://openalex.org/W4407941214","https://openalex.org/W4411133761","https://openalex.org/W4414166856","https://openalex.org/W4414402154","https://openalex.org/W4415604477","https://openalex.org/W7128058430","https://openalex.org/W7128438034","https://openalex.org/W7131091418","https://openalex.org/W7136458306"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7168296176","https://openalex.org/W7202247043","https://openalex.org/W4414166856","https://openalex.org/W4280514296","https://openalex.org/W4389778606","https://openalex.org/W2909517991","https://openalex.org/W4404055119","https://openalex.org/W4413418777","https://openalex.org/W2922071061","https://openalex.org/W4281639880"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract:":[0],"Diabetic":[1],"microvascular":[2,45],"complications":[3,19],"(DMCs)":[4],"mainly":[5,154],"affect":[6],"the":[7,50],"kidneys,":[8],"retina,":[9],"and":[10,25,66,90,99,105,145,152,195,199],"peripheral":[11],"nerves.":[12],"Their":[13],"treatment":[14],"remains":[15],"challenging":[16],"because":[17],"these":[18,120],"involve":[20],"overlapping":[21],"metabolic,":[22],"inflammatory,":[23],"vascular,":[24],"neurodegenerative":[26],"changes.":[27],"Formononetin,":[28],"an":[29],"isoflavone":[30],"derived":[31],"from":[32],"Astragalus":[33,206],"membranaceus":[34,207],",":[35,208],"has":[36,110],"shown":[37],"protective":[38],"effects":[39],"in":[40,55,136],"several":[41],"preclinical":[42,76,157,169],"models":[43],"of":[44,201],"injury.":[46],"This":[47],"review":[48],"summarizes":[49],"current":[51],"evidence":[52],"on":[53,156],"formononetin":[54,80,109,164],"DMCs,":[56],"with":[57],"attention":[58],"to":[59,68,88,113,124,133],"proposed":[60],"mechanisms,":[61],"pharmacokinetic":[62],"features,":[63],"formulation":[64],"strategies,":[65],"barriers":[67],"clinical":[69],"translation.":[70],"In":[71,102],"diabetic":[72,125,129,141,143,146],"kidney":[73],"disease":[74],"models,":[75,108],"studies":[77],"suggest":[78],"that":[79],"may":[81,93],"reduce":[82],"oxidative":[83,211],"stress":[84],"through":[85],"pathways":[86],"related":[87],"SIRT1/PGC-1\u03b1":[89],"Nrf2.":[91],"It":[92],"also":[94],"lessen":[95],"mitochondrial":[96],"dysfunction,":[97],"inflammation,":[98],"fibrotic":[100],"remodeling.":[101],"retinal":[103],"hypoxia":[104],"oxygen-induced":[106],"retinopathy":[107],"been":[111],"reported":[112],"modulate":[114],"HIF-1\u03b1/VEGF-related":[115],"angiogenic":[116],"responses.":[117],"However,":[118],"whether":[119],"findings":[121,158],"apply":[122],"directly":[123],"retinopathy,":[126,130],"especially":[127],"proliferative":[128],"still":[131],"needs":[132],"be":[134,166],"examined":[135],"diabetes-specific":[137],"models.":[138],"Evidence":[139],"for":[140,171],"neuropathy,":[142],"cardiomyopathy,":[144],"wound":[147],"healing":[148],"is":[149,153],"more":[150],"limited":[151],"based":[155],"or":[159],"indirect":[160],"mechanistic":[161],"evidence.":[162],"Overall,":[163],"should":[165],"considered":[167],"a":[168,176],"candidate":[170],"DMC-related":[172],"research":[173],"rather":[174],"than":[175],"clinically":[177],"established":[178],"intervention.":[179],"Further":[180],"translation":[181],"will":[182],"require":[183],"human":[184],"PK/PD":[185],"studies,":[186],"standardized":[187],"formulations,":[188],"rational":[189],"dose-conversion":[190],"analysis,":[191],"GLP-compliant":[192],"toxicology,":[193],"reproductive":[194],"endocrine":[196],"safety":[197],"evaluation,":[198],"assessment":[200],"CYP-mediated":[202],"drug":[203],"interactions.":[204],"Keywords:":[205],"SIRT1/PGC-1\u03b1,":[209],"HIF-1\u03b1/VEGF,":[210],"stress,":[212],"angiogenesis,":[213],"endothelial":[214],"dysfunction":[215]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-06T12:05:46.655746","created_date":"2026-10-29T00:00:00"}
