{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7224088207","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18231/j.ijlsit.16617.1783512501","title":"Online education and digital learning paradigms in India: An exhaustive review of the literature","display_name":"Online education and digital learning paradigms in India: An exhaustive review of the literature","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7224088207","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18231/j.ijlsit.16617.1783512501"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.18231/j.ijlsit.16617.1783512501","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18231/j.ijlsit.16617.1783512501","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18231/j.ijlsit.16617.1783512501","pdf_url":"https://ijlsit.org/archive/volume/11/issue/3/article/28082/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210210718","display_name":"IP Indian Journal of Library Science and Information Technology","issn_l":"2456-9623","issn":["2456-9623","2582-1555"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IP Indian Journal of Library Science and Information Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://ijlsit.org/archive/volume/11/issue/3/article/28082/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138627611","display_name":"Suresh B. Gudimani","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Suresh B Gudimani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of Library, Divekar College of Commerce, Karwar, Karnataka, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Library, Divekar College of Commerce, Karwar, Karnataka, India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159995661","display_name":"Gururaj Shivanand Hadagali","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110083240","display_name":"Karnatak University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ajnv358","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110083240"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gururaj Shivanand Hadagali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of Library and Information Science, Karnatak University, Dharwad, Karnataka, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Library and Information Science, Karnatak University, Dharwad, Karnataka, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110083240"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89677135,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"3","first_page":"458","last_page":"464"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10162","display_name":"Online and Blended Learning","score":0.26420000195503235,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10162","display_name":"Online and Blended Learning","score":0.26420000195503235,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12408","display_name":"Educational Innovations and Challenges","score":0.25290000438690186,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12395","display_name":"Educational Innovations and Technology","score":0.20559999346733093,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/e-learning","display_name":"online learning","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distance-education","display_name":"distance education","score":0.8309999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/moocs","display_name":"MOOCs","score":0.9789999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/swayam","display_name":"SWAYAM","score":0.9769999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/open-educational-resources","display_name":"open educational resources","score":0.9869999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ict-in-education","display_name":"ICT in education","score":0.8889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/higher-education-in-india","display_name":"Indian higher education","score":0.9049999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-divide","display_name":"digital divide","score":0.8960000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/student-engagement","display_name":"student engagement","score":0.859000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/course-completion-rates","display_name":"course completion rates","score":0.7139999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multilingual-content","display_name":"multilingual content","score":0.878000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lifelong-learning","display_name":"lifelong learning","score":0.8619999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/skill-development","display_name":"skill development","score":0.9409999847412109}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108771440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q368475","display_name":"Lifelong learning","level":2,"score":0.7056999802589417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173655357","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q244752","display_name":"Digital divide","level":3,"score":0.534500002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5288000106811523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67363961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5268834","display_name":"Information and Communications Technology","level":2,"score":0.4952000081539154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.47929999232292175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189708586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1504425","display_name":"Systematic review","level":3,"score":0.45350000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120912362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q136822","display_name":"Higher education","level":2,"score":0.45210000872612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.45089998841285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C503872463","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159595","display_name":"Distance education","level":2,"score":0.39980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16443162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068473","display_name":"Educational technology","level":2,"score":0.3691999912261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.3659999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986087404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15946010","display_name":"Online learning","level":2,"score":0.34769999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C513874922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212805","display_name":"Digital library","level":3,"score":0.3440000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780468074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16628824","display_name":"Digital learning","level":2,"score":0.3407000005245209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158592959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q869010","display_name":"Blended learning","level":3,"score":0.3296999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166052673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83021","display_name":"Empirical evidence","level":2,"score":0.32339999079704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.31690001487731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984567223","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068473","display_name":"E learning","level":3,"score":0.31189998984336853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18599908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1196904","display_name":"Electronic publishing","level":3,"score":0.29170000553131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.29120001196861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.29030001163482666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121017731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11661","display_name":"Information technology","level":2,"score":0.2858000099658966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019723476","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068473","display_name":"Electronic learning","level":3,"score":0.2842000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779344036","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11320476","display_name":"Digital content","level":2,"score":0.27619999647140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.275299996137619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.2671999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780784464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3487980","display_name":"Knowledge society","level":2,"score":0.2637999951839447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55587333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133029","display_name":"Engineering ethics","level":1,"score":0.26100000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.26089999079704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17632256","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1076968","display_name":"Digital media","level":2,"score":0.25999999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.2596000134944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36727532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q861399","display_name":"Educational research","level":2,"score":0.2581000030040741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61904560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1148359","display_name":"Grey literature","level":3,"score":0.25780001282691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.25690001249313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777646416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q242069","display_name":"Digital literacy","level":2,"score":0.25529998540878296}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.18231/j.ijlsit.16617.1783512501","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18231/j.ijlsit.16617.1783512501","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18231/j.ijlsit.16617.1783512501","pdf_url":"https://ijlsit.org/archive/volume/11/issue/3/article/28082/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210210718","display_name":"IP Indian Journal of Library Science and Information Technology","issn_l":"2456-9623","issn":["2456-9623","2582-1555"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IP Indian Journal of Library Science and Information Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.18231/j.ijlsit.16617.1783512501","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18231/j.ijlsit.16617.1783512501","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18231/j.ijlsit.16617.1783512501","pdf_url":"https://ijlsit.org/archive/volume/11/issue/3/article/28082/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210210718","display_name":"IP Indian Journal of Library Science and Information Technology","issn_l":"2456-9623","issn":["2456-9623","2582-1555"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IP Indian Journal of Library Science and Information Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.9901999831199646}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Systematic Review","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/systematic-review"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7224088207.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7224088207.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2504963946","https://openalex.org/W2515340152","https://openalex.org/W2766824927","https://openalex.org/W2898353293","https://openalex.org/W2918885436","https://openalex.org/W3012175641","https://openalex.org/W3035915797","https://openalex.org/W3085091403","https://openalex.org/W3091586855","https://openalex.org/W3109901655","https://openalex.org/W3154812825","https://openalex.org/W4288033197","https://openalex.org/W4306743308","https://openalex.org/W4310295617","https://openalex.org/W4311379459","https://openalex.org/W4315607680","https://openalex.org/W4319836382","https://openalex.org/W4377821696","https://openalex.org/W4384949385","https://openalex.org/W4390282349","https://openalex.org/W4396517705","https://openalex.org/W4399896152","https://openalex.org/W4410402154"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7168252411","https://openalex.org/W7217642277","https://openalex.org/W7223894608","https://openalex.org/W3197216481","https://openalex.org/W4394796005","https://openalex.org/W4317207600","https://openalex.org/W4366825361","https://openalex.org/W7155406498","https://openalex.org/W7218111681","https://openalex.org/W7217347731"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,30,52,102,155],"purpose":[1],"of":[2,10,13,68,100,190,211,222],"this":[3],"study":[4,53],"is":[5,201],"to":[6,34,45,60],"give":[7],"an":[8,139],"overview":[9],"the":[11,23,38,62,66,97,163,187,191,198,204,231],"evolution":[12],"digital":[14,72,116,174,214],"learning":[15,73,175,237],"paradigms,":[16],"its":[17],"implementation":[18],"in":[19,37,75,109,126,130,197,203],"Indian":[20,131,140],"institutions":[21],"and":[22,25,49,71,91,105,124,128,150,162,179,194,225,238],"challenges":[24],"opportunities":[26],"which":[27],"it":[28],"provides.":[29],"review":[31,58,99,151],"also":[32],"seeks":[33],"identify":[35],"gaps":[36,196],"current":[39],"research":[40,195],"that":[41,137,206],"can":[42],"be":[43],"used":[44,107],"direct":[46],"future":[47],"empirical":[48,149],"theoretical":[50],"research.":[51],"adopts":[54],"a":[55,220],"systematic":[56,184],"literature":[57,64,156,205],"methodology":[59],"explore":[61],"academic":[63],"on":[65],"topic":[67],"online":[69,114,171],"education":[70,127,172],"paradigm":[74],"India.":[76],"Secondary":[77],"data":[78],"sources":[79],"such":[80,112],"as":[81,113,217,219],"peer-reviewed":[82],"journal":[83],"articles,":[84],"conference":[85],"proceedings,":[86],"government":[87],"reports,":[88],"policy":[89],"documents":[90],"institutional":[92],"publications":[93,136],"were":[94,108,142,153,167],"referred":[95],"for":[96,235],"exhaustive":[98],"literature.":[101],"search":[103],"strings":[104],"keywords":[106],"various":[110],"combinations":[111],"education,":[115,119],"learning,":[117,170],"distance":[118,169],"e-learning,":[120],"MOOCs,":[121],"SWAYAM,":[122],"OER":[123,177],"ICT":[125],"e-learning":[129],"higher":[132],"education.":[133],"Only":[134],"English-language":[135],"had":[138],"focus":[141],"considered.":[143],"To":[144],"ensure":[145],"comprehensive":[146],"coverage,":[147],"conceptual,":[148],"studies":[152],"included.":[154],"was":[157],"broken":[158],"down":[159],"into":[160],"themes":[161],"following":[164],"main":[165],"categories":[166],"identified:":[168],"models,":[173],"technologies,":[176],"initiatives":[178],"national":[180],"educational":[181],"platforms.":[182],"This":[183],"synthesis":[185],"enables":[186],"structured":[188],"understanding":[189],"developments,":[192],"trends":[193],"field.":[199],"It":[200],"evident":[202],"low":[207],"completion":[208],"rates,":[209],"lack":[210,221],"multilingual":[212],"content,":[213],"divide":[215],"issues":[216],"well":[218],"learner":[223],"engagement":[224],"mentoring,":[226],"are":[227,233],"still":[228],"issues.":[229],"However,":[230],"platforms":[232],"crucial":[234],"lifelong":[236],"skill":[239],"development.":[240]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-10-29T00:00:00"}