{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7224086829","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18502/jnfs.v11i4.23077","title":"Association of Vitamin D Deficiency with COVID-19 Susceptibility and Severity in Hospitalized Children: A Case\u2013Control Study","display_name":"Association of Vitamin D Deficiency with COVID-19 Susceptibility and Severity in Hospitalized Children: A Case\u2013Control Study","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7224086829","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18502/jnfs.v11i4.23077"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.18502/jnfs.v11i4.23077","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18502/jnfs.v11i4.23077","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18502/jnfs.v11i4.23077","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226751","display_name":"Journal of Nutrition and Food Security","issn_l":"2476-7417","issn":["2476-7417","2476-7425"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["poland-20","russia-white-list-4"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319084","host_organization_name":"Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319084"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Nutrition and Food Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.18502/jnfs.v11i4.23077","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006825532","display_name":"Ramin Zare Mahmoudabadi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4738-9266","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4738-9266"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161106909","display_name":"Iran University of Medical Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/03w04rv71","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161106909"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ramin Zare Mahmoudabadi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dermatopathologist, Associate Professor of Pathology, Firoozabadi Clinical Research and Development unit(FACRDU), School of Medicine, Iran university of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dermatopathologist, Associate Professor of Pathology, Firoozabadi Clinical Research and Development unit(FACRDU), School of Medicine, Iran university of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161106909"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079679019","display_name":"Zahra Adel","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161106909","display_name":"Iran University of Medical Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/03w04rv71","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161106909"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zahra Adel","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161106909"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052434590","display_name":"Fatemeh Montazer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4487-1399","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4487-1399"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161106909","display_name":"Iran University of Medical Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/03w04rv71","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161106909"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fatemeh Montazer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dermatopathologist, Associate Professor of Pathology, Firoozabadi Clinical Research and Development unit(FACRDU), School of Medicine, Iran university of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dermatopathologist, Associate Professor of Pathology, Firoozabadi Clinical Research and Development unit(FACRDU), School of Medicine, Iran university of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161106909"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043899650","display_name":"Asma Javid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8711-5270","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8711-5270"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161106909","display_name":"Iran University of Medical Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/03w04rv71","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161106909"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210094544","display_name":"Rasool Akram Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00kh76710","country_code":"IR","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210094544"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Asma Javid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pediatrics, Hazrat-e-Rasoul Akram General Hospital, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pediatrics, Hazrat-e-Rasoul Akram General Hospital, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161106909","https://openalex.org/I4210094544"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041424192","display_name":"Sedigheh Yousefzadegan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2222-1472","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2222-1472"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161106909","display_name":"Iran University of Medical Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/03w04rv71","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161106909"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sedigheh Yousefzadegan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dermatopathologist, Associate Professor of Pathology, Firoozabadi Clinical Research and Development unit(FACRDU), School of Medicine, Iran university of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dermatopathologist, Associate Professor of Pathology, Firoozabadi Clinical Research and Development unit(FACRDU), School of Medicine, Iran university of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161106909"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86522876,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10277","display_name":"Vitamin D Research Studies","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2734","display_name":"Pathology and Forensic Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10277","display_name":"Vitamin D Research Studies","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2734","display_name":"Pathology and Forensic Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10041","display_name":"COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies","score":0.0008999999845400453,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10118","display_name":"SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vitamin-d-deficiency","display_name":"vitamin D deficiency","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covid-19","display_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","score":0.9480000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pediatric-covid-19","display_name":"pediatric COVID-19","score":0.8679999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/25-hydroxyvitamin-d","display_name":"25-hydroxyvitamin D","score":0.925000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disease-susceptibility","display_name":"disease susceptibility","score":0.6549999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disease-severity","display_name":"disease severity","score":0.9850000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pediatric-intensive-care-unit-admission","display_name":"pediatric intensive care unit admission","score":0.7739999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hospitalized-children","display_name":"hospitalized children","score":0.9079999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/c-reactive-protein","display_name":"C-reactive protein","score":0.9179999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lymphocyte-count","display_name":"lymphocyte count","score":0.890999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vitamin-d-supplementation","display_name":"vitamin D supplementation","score":0.796999990940094}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.8931000232696533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779740938","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4138762","display_name":"vitamin D deficiency","level":3,"score":0.722000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777910003","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1707292","display_name":"Asymptomatic","level":2,"score":0.6937000155448914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.5580000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77350462","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1125472","display_name":"Confounding","level":2,"score":0.5378999710083008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124490489","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7936963","display_name":"Vitamin D and neurology","level":2,"score":0.5049999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187212893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123028","display_name":"Pediatrics","level":1,"score":0.41760000586509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167135981","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2146302","display_name":"Retrospective cohort study","level":2,"score":0.3806999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146304588","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q961652","display_name":"Case-control study","level":2,"score":0.3440000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776940978","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34956","display_name":"Vitamin","level":2,"score":0.3093000054359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777761686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q715347","display_name":"Lymphocyte","level":2,"score":0.3073999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C534529494","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7891","display_name":"Respiratory system","level":2,"score":0.30070000886917114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993183539","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q754447","display_name":"Respiratory infection","level":3,"score":0.2667999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C986699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7939","display_name":"El Ni\u00f1o","level":2,"score":0.26489999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30036603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17125150","display_name":"Severity of illness","level":2,"score":0.25029999017715454}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.18502/jnfs.v11i4.23077","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18502/jnfs.v11i4.23077","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18502/jnfs.v11i4.23077","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226751","display_name":"Journal of Nutrition and Food Security","issn_l":"2476-7417","issn":["2476-7417","2476-7425"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["poland-20","russia-white-list-4"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319084","host_organization_name":"Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319084"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Nutrition and Food Security","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.18502/jnfs.v11i4.23077","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18502/jnfs.v11i4.23077","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18502/jnfs.v11i4.23077","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226751","display_name":"Journal of Nutrition and Food Security","issn_l":"2476-7417","issn":["2476-7417","2476-7425"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["poland-20","russia-white-list-4"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319084","host_organization_name":"Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319084"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Nutrition and Food Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":1.0,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4385254424","https://openalex.org/W3177357837","https://openalex.org/W4285592610","https://openalex.org/W4223629711","https://openalex.org/W4385432566","https://openalex.org/W4362601370","https://openalex.org/W3092154901","https://openalex.org/W4367547928","https://openalex.org/W3185709530","https://openalex.org/W4394933240"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background:":[0],"Vitamin":[1,132,176],"D":[2,31,133,166,177,197],"exerts":[3],"immunomodulatory":[4],"and":[5,34,37,70,96,101,111,193],"anti-inflammatory":[6],"effects":[7],"that":[8],"may":[9,199],"influence":[10],"outcomes":[11],"of":[12,39,140,144,195],"viral":[13],"respiratory":[14],"infections,":[15],"including":[16,104],"COVID-19.":[17],"However,":[18],"pediatric":[19,114,206],"data":[20,103],"remain":[21],"limited.":[22],"This":[23],"study":[24],"examined":[25],"the":[26,78],"relationship":[27],"between":[28],"serum":[29],"25-hydroxy-vitamin":[30],"[25(OH)D]":[32],"levels":[33,149],"susceptibility":[35,184],"to":[36,60,88,93],"severity":[38],"COVID-19":[40,58,183],"among":[41],"hospitalized":[42,74],"children":[43,53],"in":[44,138,152],"Iran.":[45],"Methods:":[46],"In":[47],"this":[48],"retrospective":[49],"case\u2013control":[50],"study,":[51],"63":[52],"(0\u201316":[54],"years)":[55],"with":[56,67,125,182,187],"RT-PCR-confirmed":[57],"admitted":[59],"Firouzabadi":[61],"Hospital,":[62],"Tehran":[63],"(2019\u20132021)":[64],"were":[65,86,150],"compared":[66],"68":[68],"age-":[69],"sex-matched":[71],"historical":[72,84],"controls":[73,85,145,157],"two":[75],"years":[76],"before":[77],"pandemic":[79],"for":[80,113,205],"non-respiratory":[81],"conditions.":[82],"Moreover,":[83],"used":[87],"avoid":[89],"pandemic-era":[90],"confounding":[91],"due":[92],"widespread":[94],"supplementation":[95],"asymptomatic":[97],"infection.":[98],"Demographic,":[99],"clinical,":[100],"laboratory":[102],"25(OH)D,":[105],"C-reactive":[106],"protein":[107],"(CRP),":[108],"lymphocyte":[109],"count,":[110],"need":[112],"intensive-care-unit":[115],"(PICU)":[116],"admission-were":[117],"also":[118],"extracted.":[119],"Statistical":[120],"analysis":[121],"employed":[122],"non-parametric":[123],"tests":[124],"P-value":[126],"<":[127],"0.05":[128],"as":[129],"significant.":[130],"Results:":[131],"deficiency":[134,178,198],"(<20":[135],"ng/ml)":[136,155],"occurred":[137],"61%":[139],"cases":[141,153],"versus":[142],"14%":[143],"(P<0.001).":[146],"Mean":[147],"25(OH)D":[148],"lower":[151,164],"(18.6\u00b19.6":[154],"than":[156,167],"(43.4\u00b125.3":[158],"ng/ml,":[159,173],"P<0.001).":[160],"PICU-admitted":[161],"patients":[162,169],"showed":[163],"vitamin":[165,196],"non-PICU":[168],"(13.8\u00b16.4":[170],"vs":[171],"19.7\u00b19.9":[172],"P=0.035).":[174],"Conclusions:":[175],"was":[179],"strongly":[180],"associated":[181],"but":[185],"not":[186],"in-hospital":[188],"severity.":[189],"Therefore,":[190],"routine":[191],"screening":[192],"correction":[194],"be":[200],"a":[201],"cost-effective":[202],"preventive":[203],"strategy":[204],"populations.":[207]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2026-10-29T00:00:00"}