{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7224083134","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23739705","title":"Comparison of Student Visa Decision Outcomes Between Australia and New Zealand Across Applicant-Origin Countries","display_name":"Comparison of Student Visa Decision Outcomes Between Australia and New Zealand Across Applicant-Origin Countries","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7224083134","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23739705"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.23739705","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23739705","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23739705","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23739705","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5140693289","display_name":"Vitalii Kaplan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8181-2863","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8181-2863"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210121333","display_name":"Istinye University","ror":"https://ror.org/03081nz23","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210121333"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kaplan, Vitalii","raw_affiliation_strings":["Istinye University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8181-2863","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Istinye University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210121333"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5140693289"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210121333"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10546","display_name":"Higher Education Governance and Development","score":0.8291000127792358,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10546","display_name":"Higher Education Governance and Development","score":0.8291000127792358,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10349","display_name":"Migration and Labor Dynamics","score":0.04650000110268593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10907","display_name":"International Student and Expatriate Challenges","score":0.04619999974966049,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3315","display_name":"Communication"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/student-visas","display_name":"student visas","score":0.8769999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immigration-policy","display_name":"immigration policy","score":0.4749999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/australia","display_name":"Australia","score":0.46700000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/new-zealand","display_name":"New Zealand","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/country-specific-differences","display_name":"country-specific differences","score":0.5},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/access-to-higher-education","display_name":"higher education access","score":0.42399999499320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visa-refusal","display_name":"visa refusal","score":0.515999972820282}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70036468","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131288","display_name":"Immigration","level":2,"score":0.7085000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776687071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5265193","display_name":"Destinations","level":3,"score":0.6657999753952026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5680000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.5134999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44249647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208498","display_name":"Confidence interval","level":2,"score":0.4812000095844269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778058735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4692253","display_name":"Aggregate data","level":2,"score":0.45579999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779101040","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3373417","display_name":"Country of origin","level":2,"score":0.4408999979496002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.42410001158714294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44648626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1049848","display_name":"Percentage point","level":2,"score":0.4050000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.4020000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4679612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q866298","display_name":"Aggregate (composite)","level":2,"score":0.353300005197525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49630185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6980675","display_name":"Natural experiment","level":2,"score":0.3504999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776502983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690182","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","level":2,"score":0.31839999556541443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160050368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132453","display_name":"Developed country","level":3,"score":0.30329999327659607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162118730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128453","display_name":"Actuarial science","level":1,"score":0.27869999408721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777216955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18351911","display_name":"International comparisons","level":2,"score":0.27790001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.2720000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778067643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166507","display_name":"Interval (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.26899999380111694}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.23739705","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23739705","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23739705","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.23739706","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23739706","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23739706","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.23739705","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23739705","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23739705","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7165023256","https://openalex.org/W7222415586","https://openalex.org/W7169800276","https://openalex.org/W2614883896","https://openalex.org/W3017213499","https://openalex.org/W6997498332","https://openalex.org/W1989748109","https://openalex.org/W2982578144","https://openalex.org/W7140309043","https://openalex.org/W1781101505"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1],"compares":[2],"student":[3],"visa":[4],"decision":[5],"approval":[6,136],"rates":[7,54,148],"using":[8],"aggregate":[9,177],"public":[10],"records":[11],"from":[12],"Australia":[13,150],"and":[14,30,84,118,151,169,179],"New":[15,152],"Zealand":[16,43,92,153],"for":[17,139],"2022\u20132025.":[18],"We":[19],"calculate":[20],"each":[21],"rate":[22],"as":[23,154],"approvals":[24,27],"divided":[25],"by":[26,164],"plus":[28],"refusals":[29],"compare":[31],"173":[32],"published":[33,142],"applicant":[34],"origins":[35],"observed":[36,73],"in":[37,115,149],"both":[38,116],"destinations.":[39,156],"The":[40,101,174],"mean":[41],"Australian-minus-New":[42,91],"difference":[44],"was":[45],"16.3":[46],"percentage":[47],"points":[48,96],"(95%":[49,97],"confidence":[50,98],"interval":[51,99],"12.7\u201319.9).":[52],"Approval":[53],"were":[55],"positively":[56],"associated":[57],"across":[58],"destinations":[59],"(Pearson":[60],"r":[61],"=":[62],"0.629),":[63],"which":[64],"is":[65,128],"consistent":[66],"with":[67],"applicant-origin":[68],"context":[69],"contributing":[70],"to":[71],"the":[72,85,124,140,161,165,170],"pattern.":[74],"However,":[75],"56":[76],"country-specific":[77,112],"differences":[78,113],"remained":[79],"significant":[80],"after":[81],"Benjamini\u2013Hochberg":[82],"adjustment,":[83],"pooled":[86],"origin-adjusted":[87],"model":[88],"produced":[89],"an":[90,188],"contrast":[93],"of":[94,192],"10.9":[95],"6.6\u201315.2).":[100],"positive":[102],"average":[103],"direction":[104],"persisted":[105],"at":[106],"every":[107],"pre-specified":[108],"minimum-decision":[109],"threshold,":[110],"although":[111],"varied":[114],"size":[117],"direction.":[119],"These":[120],"findings":[121],"show":[122],"that":[123],"student\u2019s":[125,166],"origin":[126,143,167],"country":[127,144,168],"relevant":[129],"but":[130],"does":[131],"not":[132,181],"fully":[133],"explain":[134],"recorded":[135],"rates.":[137],"Records":[138],"same":[141],"can":[145],"have":[146],"different":[147],"immigration":[155,171],"Explanations":[157],"must":[158],"therefore":[159],"consider":[160],"pair":[162],"formed":[163],"destination":[172,185],"country.":[173],"estimates":[175],"are":[176],"associations":[178],"do":[180],"identify":[182],"a":[183],"causal":[184],"effect":[186],"or":[187],"individual":[189],"applicant\u2019s":[190],"probability":[191],"approval.":[193]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2026-10-29T00:00:00"}