{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7223985508","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2026.1897327","title":"Retinal microvascular alterations assessed by OCTA in metabolic liver disease: insights into systemic microvascular dysfunction\u2014a systematic review and semi-quantitative synthesis","display_name":"Retinal microvascular alterations assessed by OCTA in metabolic liver disease: insights into systemic microvascular dysfunction\u2014a systematic review and semi-quantitative synthesis","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7223985508","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2026.1897327"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fmed.2026.1897327","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2026.1897327","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2026.1897327","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/medicine/articles/10.3389/fmed.2026.1897327/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2597052008","display_name":"Frontiers in Medicine","issn_l":"2296-858X","issn":["2296-858X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/medicine/articles/10.3389/fmed.2026.1897327/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101832089","display_name":"Xu Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5354-291X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5354-291X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801556517","display_name":"Ruijin Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/01hv94n30","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801556517"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xu Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ophthalmology, Ruijin-Hainan Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (Hainan Boao Research Hospital)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ophthalmology, Ruijin-Hainan Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (Hainan Boao Research Hospital)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930","https://openalex.org/I2801556517"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159910319","display_name":"Zi-qiang Meng","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801556517","display_name":"Ruijin Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/01hv94n30","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801556517"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zi-qiang Meng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ruijin-Hainan Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (Hainan Boao Research Hospital)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ruijin-Hainan Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (Hainan Boao Research Hospital)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930","https://openalex.org/I2801556517"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5159910319"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930","https://openalex.org/I2801556517"],"apc_list":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"apc_paid":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.64582553,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10170","display_name":"Retinal Diseases and Treatments","score":0.5557000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10170","display_name":"Retinal Diseases and Treatments","score":0.5557000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":0.384799987077713,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10351","display_name":"Liver Disease Diagnosis and Treatment","score":0.02019999921321869,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2721","display_name":"Hepatology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metabolic-liver-disease","display_name":"metabolic liver disease","score":0.9829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-alcoholic-fatty-liver-disease","display_name":"non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","score":0.9229999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retinal-microvasculature","display_name":"retinal microvasculature","score":0.9049999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-coherence-tomography-angiography","display_name":"optical coherence tomography angiography","score":0.9259999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retinal-vessel-density","display_name":"retinal vessel density","score":0.9430000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-capillary-plexus","display_name":"deep capillary plexus","score":0.9430000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/foveal-avascular-zone","display_name":"foveal avascular zone","score":0.9829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/macular-ischemia","display_name":"macular ischemia","score":0.8999999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hepatic-steatosis","display_name":"hepatic steatosis","score":0.9039999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retinal-biomarkers","display_name":"retinal biomarkers","score":0.781000018119812}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.7775999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780827179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422001","display_name":"Retinal","level":2,"score":0.6402000188827515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776175330","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1365091","display_name":"Steatosis","level":2,"score":0.6183000206947327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778772119","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6058862","display_name":"Fatty liver","level":3,"score":0.5853000283241272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776954865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1546498","display_name":"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","level":4,"score":0.5529999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113280763","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2326546","display_name":"Subclinical infection","level":2,"score":0.5221999883651733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780578515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q657193","display_name":"Metabolic syndrome","level":3,"score":0.4887999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.4569999873638153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.4537000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777075537","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929737","display_name":"Liver disease","level":2,"score":0.4472000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780248432","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1434206","display_name":"Fluorescein angiography","level":3,"score":0.3806000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.35749998688697815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12722491","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1632335","display_name":"Microcirculation","level":2,"score":0.35580000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207886595","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1456138","display_name":"Pathological","level":2,"score":0.3292999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779829184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631361","display_name":"Diabetic retinopathy","level":3,"score":0.31369999051094055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118487528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161437","display_name":"Ophthalmology","level":1,"score":0.2928999960422516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777466421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1266890","display_name":"Vascular disease","level":2,"score":0.2833000123500824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779478299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2335423","display_name":"Steatohepatitis","level":4,"score":0.28290000557899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778213512","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844935","display_name":"Coronary artery disease","level":2,"score":0.2822999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776403814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27429789","display_name":"Macular degeneration","level":2,"score":0.2775000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555293320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","level":2,"score":0.2596000134944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777910003","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1707292","display_name":"Asymptomatic","level":2,"score":0.2563999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164705383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10379","display_name":"Cardiology","level":1,"score":0.2508000135421753}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fmed.2026.1897327","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2026.1897327","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2026.1897327","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/medicine/articles/10.3389/fmed.2026.1897327/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2597052008","display_name":"Frontiers in Medicine","issn_l":"2296-858X","issn":["2296-858X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:094e242c566c4a539d753f7a06297976","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/094e242c566c4a539d753f7a06297976","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Medicine, Vol 13 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fmed.2026.1897327","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2026.1897327","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2026.1897327","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/medicine/articles/10.3389/fmed.2026.1897327/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2597052008","display_name":"Frontiers in Medicine","issn_l":"2296-858X","issn":["2296-858X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9940000176429749}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Systematic Review","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/systematic-review"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7223985508.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7223985508.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2001837599","https://openalex.org/W2025923126","https://openalex.org/W2028392657","https://openalex.org/W2034530918","https://openalex.org/W2059613020","https://openalex.org/W2136662125","https://openalex.org/W2204688218","https://openalex.org/W2234307896","https://openalex.org/W2341568598","https://openalex.org/W2547569497","https://openalex.org/W2587570425","https://openalex.org/W2615637571","https://openalex.org/W2734724639","https://openalex.org/W2741520251","https://openalex.org/W2775636951","https://openalex.org/W3015579983","https://openalex.org/W3020512321","https://openalex.org/W3118615836","https://openalex.org/W4381681857"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4410629532","https://openalex.org/W6908555367","https://openalex.org/W7118694855","https://openalex.org/W7172296710","https://openalex.org/W4386112887","https://openalex.org/W4403757562","https://openalex.org/W4399495687","https://openalex.org/W4417533168","https://openalex.org/W3175576844","https://openalex.org/W4403977942"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background":[0],"Metabolic":[1,219],"liver":[2,9,19,128,207,220],"disease,":[3],"historically":[4],"characterized":[5],"as":[6,15,24,36,41,264],"nonalcoholic":[7],"fatty":[8],"disease":[10,20,129,208,221],"(NAFLD)":[11],"and":[12,58,99,148,166,249,259],"recently":[13],"redefined":[14],"metabolic":[16,127,206],"dysfunction-associated":[17],"steatotic":[18],"(MASLD),":[21],"has":[22],"emerged":[23],"a":[25,37,42,66,164,242],"global":[26],"public":[27],"health":[28],"crisis.":[29],"It":[30],"is":[31,222],"increasingly":[32],"recognized":[33],"not":[34],"merely":[35],"liver-specific":[38],"pathology,":[39],"but":[40],"complex":[43],"multisystemic":[44],"disorder":[45],"strongly":[46],"associated":[47,224],"with":[48,61,81,126,205,225],"widespread":[49],"systemic":[50,63,250,275],"microvascular":[51,228,251],"dysfunction.":[52,252],"The":[53],"retina,":[54],"sharing":[55],"similar":[56],"anatomical":[57],"physiological":[59],"features":[60],"the":[62,90,96,121,138,156,161,185,195],"microcirculation,":[64],"provides":[65],"unique,":[67],"*":[68,71],"in":[69,86,124,170,203],"vivo":[70],"window":[72],"for":[73,103,268,274],"non-invasive":[74,266],"vascular":[75,179,276],"assessment.":[76],"Methods":[77],"A":[78,143],"systematic":[79],"review":[80],"semi-quantitative":[82],"synthesis":[83],"was":[84,134,175,181,200],"conducted":[85],"strict":[87],"adherence":[88],"to":[89,109,119,210],"PRISMA":[91],"guidelines.":[92],"We":[93],"comprehensively":[94],"searched":[95],"PubMed,":[97],"Embase,":[98],"Cochrane":[100],"Library":[101],"databases":[102],"relevant":[104],"studies":[105,150],"published":[106],"from":[107],"inception":[108],"March":[110],"2026.":[111],"Studies":[112],"employing":[113],"optical":[114],"coherence":[115],"tomography":[116],"angiography":[117],"(OCTA)":[118],"evaluate":[120],"macular":[122,216],"microvasculature":[123],"patients":[125,204,270],"were":[130],"included.":[131],"Study":[132],"quality":[133],"rigorously":[135],"appraised":[136],"using":[137],"Newcastle\u2013Ottawa":[139],"Scale":[140],"(NOS).":[141],"Results":[142],"total":[144],"of":[145,194],"7":[146],"cross-sectional":[147],"retrospective":[149],"encompassing":[151],"approximately":[152],"520":[153],"participants":[154],"met":[155],"stringent":[157],"inclusion":[158],"criteria.":[159],"Across":[160],"included":[162],"cohorts,":[163],"consistent":[165],"statistically":[167],"significant":[168,235],"reduction":[169],"retinal":[171,227],"vessel":[172,257],"density":[173,258],"(VD)":[174],"observed.":[176],"Notably,":[177],"this":[178],"rarefaction":[180],"predominantly":[182],"localized":[183],"within":[184],"deep":[186],"capillary":[187],"plexus":[188],"(DCP).":[189],"Furthermore,":[190],"an":[191],"abnormal":[192],"enlargement":[193],"foveal":[196],"avascular":[197],"zone":[198],"(FAZ)":[199],"consistently":[201],"reported":[202],"compared":[209],"matched":[211],"healthy":[212],"controls,":[213],"indicating":[214],"subclinical":[215,239],"ischemia.":[217],"Conclusion":[218],"significantly":[223],"early":[226],"alterations":[229],"detectable":[230],"by":[231],"OCTA,":[232],"preceding":[233],"visually":[234],"ocular":[236],"symptoms.":[237],"These":[238],"findings":[240],"highlight":[241],"profound":[243],"pathological":[244],"link":[245],"between":[246],"hepatic":[247],"steatosis":[248],"OCTA":[253],"metrics,":[254],"particularly":[255],"DCP":[256],"FAZ":[260],"area,":[261],"may":[262],"serve":[263],"novel,":[265],"biomarkers":[267],"identifying":[269],"at":[271],"high":[272],"risk":[273],"complications.":[277]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2026-10-28T00:00:00"}
