{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7223979937","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26216772","title":"Force-Sensor-Integrated Buckle for Wearable Robots","display_name":"Force-Sensor-Integrated Buckle for Wearable Robots","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7223979937","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26216772"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s26216772","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26216772","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26216772","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26216772","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079342798","display_name":"Heeyeon Jeong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9962-0992","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9962-0992"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I848706","display_name":"Sungkyunkwan University","ror":"https://ror.org/04q78tk20","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I848706"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Heeyeon Jeong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9962-0992","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I848706"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159961946","display_name":"Seran Lee","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I848706","display_name":"Sungkyunkwan University","ror":"https://ror.org/04q78tk20","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I848706"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seran Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Intelligent Robotics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Intelligent Robotics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I848706"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037804617","display_name":"J. W. Hwang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6910-7294","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6910-7294"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I848706","display_name":"Sungkyunkwan University","ror":"https://ror.org/04q78tk20","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I848706"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinhak Hwang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Intelligent Robotics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6910-7294","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Intelligent Robotics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I848706"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102024926","display_name":"Seong Jun Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5806-044X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5806-044X","https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4186-0134"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210111434","display_name":"Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials","ror":"https://ror.org/01qcq9d74","country_code":"KR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801339556","https://openalex.org/I4210111434","https://openalex.org/I4210144908","https://openalex.org/I4387152098"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seong Jun Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Advanced Robotics Research Center, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM), Daejeon 34103, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5806-044X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced Robotics Research Center, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM), Daejeon 34103, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210111434"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014633392","display_name":"Cheol Hoon Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7942-7311","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7942-7311","https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8271-2971"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210111434","display_name":"Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials","ror":"https://ror.org/01qcq9d74","country_code":"KR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801339556","https://openalex.org/I4210111434","https://openalex.org/I4210144908","https://openalex.org/I4387152098"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cheol Hoon Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Advanced Robotics Research Center, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM), Daejeon 34103, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7942-7311","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced Robotics Research Center, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM), Daejeon 34103, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210111434"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011232432","display_name":"Hyouk Ryeol Choi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2902-7453","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2902-7453"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I848706","display_name":"Sungkyunkwan University","ror":"https://ror.org/04q78tk20","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I848706"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hyouk Ryeol Choi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2902-7453","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I848706"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051393057","display_name":"Uikyum Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2814-5546","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2814-5546"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I848706","display_name":"Sungkyunkwan University","ror":"https://ror.org/04q78tk20","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I848706"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Uikyum Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Intelligent Robotics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2814-5546","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Intelligent Robotics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I848706"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5051393057"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I848706"],"apc_list":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"apc_paid":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86836105,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"21","first_page":"6772","last_page":"6772"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12564","display_name":"Sensor Technology and Measurement Systems","score":0.635699987411499,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12564","display_name":"Sensor Technology and Measurement Systems","score":0.635699987411499,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10338","display_name":"Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials","score":0.13899999856948853,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11023","display_name":"Prosthetics and Rehabilitation Robotics","score":0.11999999731779099,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wearable-robots","display_name":"wearable robotics","score":0.9639999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/buckle","display_name":"buckle","score":0.6110000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/force-sensing","display_name":"force sensing","score":0.7990000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/capacitive-sensors","display_name":"capacitive sensors","score":0.8230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/angle-sensing","display_name":"angle sensing","score":0.45100000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hysteresis","display_name":"hysteresis","score":0.5770000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bandwidth","display_name":"bandwidth","score":0.30300000309944153}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206755178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1131271","display_name":"Capacitive sensing","level":2,"score":0.7741000056266785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77170095","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1753188","display_name":"Linearity","level":2,"score":0.6036999821662903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30066665","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q164399","display_name":"Capacitance","level":3,"score":0.5838000178337097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.5733000040054321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778374714","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1135567","display_name":"Buckle","level":2,"score":0.5478000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150594956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334829","display_name":"Wearable computer","level":2,"score":0.5364000201225281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.4844000041484833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123299182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190837","display_name":"Hysteresis","level":2,"score":0.4796000123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4675000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154020017","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q520171","display_name":"Repeatability","level":2,"score":0.42260000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.4189000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020078676","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14861286","display_name":"Force transducer","level":2,"score":0.40119999647140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.39160001277923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113843644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901882","display_name":"Interface (matter)","level":4,"score":0.36660000681877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108811297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214518","display_name":"Admittance","level":3,"score":0.3652999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.3601999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3562999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145991859","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1561445","display_name":"Load cell","level":2,"score":0.3506999909877777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41325743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1261040","display_name":"Pressure sensor","level":2,"score":0.34459999203681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.328000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.3271999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.31929999589920044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54290928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4845080","display_name":"Wearable technology","level":3,"score":0.30640000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122041747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q838611","display_name":"Ball (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.29510000348091125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8590192","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1054694","display_name":"Frequency response","level":2,"score":0.28600001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.27619999647140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57528182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1271842","display_name":"Miniaturization","level":2,"score":0.27160000801086426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.27079999446868896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81302111","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2916417","display_name":"Contact force","level":2,"score":0.2581999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89805583","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192940","display_name":"Accelerometer","level":2,"score":0.2542000114917755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.2531000077724457}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s26216772","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26216772","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26216772","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s26216772","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26216772","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26216772","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321681","display_name":"Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/008nkqk13"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1787707642","https://openalex.org/W1994300957","https://openalex.org/W2025101068","https://openalex.org/W2031193021","https://openalex.org/W2085412307","https://openalex.org/W2288949877","https://openalex.org/W2622373364","https://openalex.org/W2772793983","https://openalex.org/W2792339997","https://openalex.org/W2793109101","https://openalex.org/W2901677470","https://openalex.org/W3042564466","https://openalex.org/W3131599587","https://openalex.org/W3136500038","https://openalex.org/W3154115556","https://openalex.org/W3203237693","https://openalex.org/W3211702038","https://openalex.org/W4206448449","https://openalex.org/W4213104648","https://openalex.org/W4281485324","https://openalex.org/W4298086476","https://openalex.org/W4389473956","https://openalex.org/W4389542463","https://openalex.org/W4391404371","https://openalex.org/W4391925071","https://openalex.org/W4392240490","https://openalex.org/W4396967210","https://openalex.org/W4403677672","https://openalex.org/W4407175139","https://openalex.org/W4407467254","https://openalex.org/W4412353259","https://openalex.org/W4412417333","https://openalex.org/W4412914787","https://openalex.org/W4413169794","https://openalex.org/W7152047672","https://openalex.org/W7169841763"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3154115556","https://openalex.org/W7125895827","https://openalex.org/W2025101068","https://openalex.org/W4402804846","https://openalex.org/W2901023145","https://openalex.org/W2156906162","https://openalex.org/W6904659028","https://openalex.org/W4296563105","https://openalex.org/W6922339857","https://openalex.org/W3016500591"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Wearable":[0],"robots":[1],"require":[2],"compact":[3,180],"sensing":[4,49,69,84,181],"interfaces":[5],"to":[6,17,36],"monitor":[7],"the":[8,29,40,71,105,137],"forces":[9],"transmitted":[10],"through":[11],"attachment":[12,41],"straps.":[13],"This":[14],"study":[15],"aims":[16],"combine":[18],"strap":[19,34],"fastening":[20],"and":[21,31,51,79,85,90,95,104,128,150,154,161,167],"force":[22,68,89,106,160],"measurement":[23],"in":[24,136],"a":[25,52,179],"lightweight":[26],"buckle,":[27],"enabling":[28],"magnitude":[30],"direction":[32],"of":[33,111,114,123,130,146,156],"loading":[35],"be":[37],"monitored":[38],"at":[39],"interface.":[42],"The":[43,74,98,140,159,169,175],"proposed":[44,176],"buckle":[45,72],"incorporates":[46],"two":[47],"capacitive":[48],"cells":[50],"flexure":[53],"structure":[54],"that":[55],"converts":[56],"applied":[57],"loads":[58],"into":[59],"measurable":[60],"capacitance":[61,100],"changes.":[62],"Their":[63],"combined":[64],"responses":[65],"provide":[66],"dual-axis":[67],"within":[70],"body.":[73],"complete":[75],"device":[76],"measures":[77],"64\u00d745\u00d710mm":[78],"weighs":[80],"34g,":[81],"including":[82],"its":[83],"signal-processing":[86],"electronics.":[87],"Its":[88],"angle":[91,142,162],"ranges":[92],"are":[93],"0\u2013200N":[94],"\u00b18\u00b0,":[96],"respectively.":[97,158],"average":[99],"sensitivity":[101],"was":[102,109,121,144,173],"1.33fF/N,":[103],"linearity":[107],"error":[108,119],"6.96%":[110],"full":[112],"scale":[113],"output":[115],"(FSO).":[116],"Force":[117,148],"root-mean-square":[118],"(RMSE)":[120],"7.34%":[122],"FSO":[124,131,163],"without":[125],"initial":[126],"preload":[127,135],"1.21\u20131.76%":[129],"with":[132],"approximately":[133],"18N":[134],"respective":[138],"tests.":[139],"validation":[141],"RMSE":[143],"1.67%":[145],"FSO.":[147],"hysteresis":[149],"repeatability":[151],"were":[152,165],"8.88%":[153],"0.51%":[155],"FSO,":[157],"values":[164],"200N":[166],"16\u00b0.":[168],"estimated":[170],"\u22123dB":[171],"bandwidth":[172],"2.7Hz.":[174],"design":[177],"provides":[178],"interface":[182],"for":[183],"strap-based":[184],"wearable":[185],"robots.":[186]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-29T09:56:32.521200","created_date":"2026-10-28T00:00:00"}
