{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7223907692","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/asi9110222","title":"An Electro-Optic Lithium Niobate on Insulator (LNOI) Multimode Interference Accelerator for Reconfigurable Optical Neural Networks","display_name":"An Electro-Optic Lithium Niobate on Insulator (LNOI) Multimode Interference Accelerator for Reconfigurable Optical Neural Networks","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7223907692","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/asi9110222"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/asi9110222","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/asi9110222","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/asi9110222","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210217229","display_name":"Applied System Innovation","issn_l":"2571-5577","issn":["2571-5577"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied System Innovation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/asi9110222","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159811401","display_name":"Rong-Rong Nien","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166867","display_name":"National Institutes of Applied Research","ror":"https://ror.org/05wcstg80","country_code":"TW","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128167","https://openalex.org/I4210166867"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405282297","display_name":"National Center for Instrumentation Research","ror":"https://ror.org/05mraaf88","country_code":"TW","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128167","https://openalex.org/I4210166867","https://openalex.org/I4405282297"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rong-Rong Nien","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Center for Instrumentation Research, National Institutes of Applied Research, Hsinchu 300092, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Center for Instrumentation Research, National Institutes of Applied Research, Hsinchu 300092, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166867","https://openalex.org/I4405282297"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021892038","display_name":"Han-Chao Chang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7343-3534","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7343-3534"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166867","display_name":"National Institutes of Applied Research","ror":"https://ror.org/05wcstg80","country_code":"TW","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128167","https://openalex.org/I4210166867"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405282297","display_name":"National Center for Instrumentation Research","ror":"https://ror.org/05mraaf88","country_code":"TW","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128167","https://openalex.org/I4210166867","https://openalex.org/I4405282297"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Han-Chao Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Center for Instrumentation Research, National Institutes of Applied Research, Hsinchu 300092, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7343-3534","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Center for Instrumentation Research, National Institutes of Applied Research, Hsinchu 300092, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166867","https://openalex.org/I4405282297"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5159811401"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166867","https://openalex.org/I4405282297"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1689},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1689},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80407904,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"11","first_page":"222","last_page":"222"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12611","display_name":"Neural Networks and Reservoir Computing","score":0.9810000061988831,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12611","display_name":"Neural Networks and Reservoir Computing","score":0.9810000061988831,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11050","display_name":"Photorefractive and Nonlinear Optics","score":0.007899999618530273,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10299","display_name":"Photonic and Optical Devices","score":0.002199999988079071,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lithium-niobate-on-insulator","display_name":"lithium niobate on insulator","score":0.9340000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimode-interference","display_name":"multimode interference","score":0.9800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-neural-networks","display_name":"optical neural networks","score":0.734000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microelectrodes","display_name":"microelectrodes","score":0.8820000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nelder-mead-simplex-method","display_name":"Nelder-Mead algorithm","score":0.9409999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/insertion-loss","display_name":"insertion loss","score":0.7509999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iris-classification","display_name":"iris classification","score":0.6290000081062317}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5982999801635742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5530999898910522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101645829","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1781857","display_name":"Multi-mode optical fiber","level":3,"score":0.5490000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32022120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q797225","display_name":"Interference (communication)","level":3,"score":0.548799991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.47929999232292175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123745756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1665949","display_name":"Interconnection","level":2,"score":0.4733999967575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20788544","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q467054","display_name":"Photonics","level":2,"score":0.47269999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777207636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q424481","display_name":"Lithium niobate","level":2,"score":0.4666999876499176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184892835","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1474513","display_name":"Electromagnetic interference","level":2,"score":0.4146000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.37290000915527344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.34880000352859497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148204187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176541","display_name":"Optical computing","level":2,"score":0.34619998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165838908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736777","display_name":"Calibration","level":2,"score":0.33820000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.31220000982284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74046356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5615502","display_name":"Guided wave testing","level":2,"score":0.30559998750686646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.30329999327659607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.2906999886035919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90327742","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q947396","display_name":"Insertion loss","level":2,"score":0.29010000824928284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200687136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11233438","display_name":"Waveguide","level":2,"score":0.28679999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.28290000557899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C212702","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178150","display_name":"Insulator (electricity)","level":2,"score":0.27399998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.27309998869895935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196129803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q241448","display_name":"Optical cross-connect","level":3,"score":0.26899999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129404179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1469765","display_name":"Optical communication","level":2,"score":0.2599000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194232370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162","display_name":"Optical fiber","level":2,"score":0.259799987077713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204530211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752823","display_name":"Thermal","level":2,"score":0.25760000944137573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101336846","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17105111","display_name":"Optical switch","level":2,"score":0.2574999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91748784","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11406","display_name":"Electromagnetism","level":2,"score":0.25290000438690186}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/asi9110222","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/asi9110222","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/asi9110222","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210217229","display_name":"Applied System Innovation","issn_l":"2571-5577","issn":["2571-5577"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied System Innovation","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/asi9110222","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/asi9110222","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/asi9110222","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210217229","display_name":"Applied System Innovation","issn_l":"2571-5577","issn":["2571-5577"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied System Innovation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1997766752","https://openalex.org/W2008449446","https://openalex.org/W2053776581","https://openalex.org/W2133992449","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2289252105","https://openalex.org/W2606722458","https://openalex.org/W2752849906","https://openalex.org/W2889935994","https://openalex.org/W2908487782","https://openalex.org/W2939839168","https://openalex.org/W2944119451","https://openalex.org/W2977468072","https://openalex.org/W2982846042","https://openalex.org/W3118265437","https://openalex.org/W3130725666","https://openalex.org/W3134331372","https://openalex.org/W3148343987","https://openalex.org/W3168997536","https://openalex.org/W3172787400","https://openalex.org/W3209929397","https://openalex.org/W4200192429","https://openalex.org/W4220761669","https://openalex.org/W4281571170","https://openalex.org/W4290703456","https://openalex.org/W4313576662","https://openalex.org/W4313596643","https://openalex.org/W4377982009","https://openalex.org/W4392293500","https://openalex.org/W4402694963","https://openalex.org/W4402883851","https://openalex.org/W4403586871","https://openalex.org/W4405793225","https://openalex.org/W4406921160","https://openalex.org/W4408369192","https://openalex.org/W4413067086","https://openalex.org/W4414245253","https://openalex.org/W7139958618","https://openalex.org/W7155217496","https://openalex.org/W7165964665","https://openalex.org/W7212242142"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4299964874","https://openalex.org/W4312990262","https://openalex.org/W4320805621","https://openalex.org/W7152647782","https://openalex.org/W3131912773","https://openalex.org/W3086527030","https://openalex.org/W7203782432","https://openalex.org/W7125481637","https://openalex.org/W4413067086","https://openalex.org/W4323538598"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0],"overcome":[1],"the":[2,59,62,87,116,123,127],"thermal":[3],"loss":[4,73],"and":[5,99],"interconnect":[6],"delays":[7],"of":[8,74,126,135],"conventional":[9],"electronic":[10],"processors":[11,19],"under":[12],"escalating":[13],"AI":[14],"computing":[15],"workloads,":[16],"analog":[17],"optical":[18,32,129],"have":[20],"emerged":[21],"as":[22],"a":[23,44,69,140],"compelling":[24],"low-latency":[25],"alternative.":[26],"This":[27],"work":[28],"introduces":[29],"an":[30,36,133],"integrated":[31,128],"neural":[33,130],"accelerator":[34],"leveraging":[35],"electro-optically":[37],"reconfigurable":[38],"multimode":[39],"interference":[40,53],"(MMI)":[41],"framework":[42,85],"on":[43],"lithium-niobate-on-insulator":[45],"(LNOI)":[46],"platform.":[47],"By":[48],"harnessing":[49],"localized":[50],"spatial":[51],"mode":[52],"through":[54,110],"micro-electrodes":[55],"strategically":[56],"placed":[57],"within":[58],"MMI":[60],"region,":[61],"device":[63],"performs":[64],"trainable":[65],"matrix":[66],"operations":[67],"with":[68,132],"minimal":[70],"on-chip":[71],"insertion":[72],"1.42":[75],"dB.":[76],"A":[77],"hardware-in-the-loop":[78],"in":[79,82],"situ":[80],"(HIL":[81],"situ)":[83],"calibration":[84],"employing":[86],"Nelder\u2013Mead":[88],"optimization":[89],"algorithm":[90],"is":[91,108],"developed":[92],"to":[93,115],"adaptively":[94],"adjust":[95],"local":[96],"refractive":[97],"indices":[98],"compensate":[100],"for":[101,145],"physical":[102],"hardware":[103],"imperfections.":[104],"The":[105],"system\u2019s":[106],"performance":[107],"validated":[109],"numerical":[111],"electromagnetic":[112],"simulations":[113],"applied":[114],"famous":[117],"Iris":[118],"flower":[119],"classification":[120],"benchmark,":[121],"demonstrating":[122],"self-learning":[124],"capabilities":[125],"network":[131],"accuracy":[134],"72%.":[136],"These":[137],"findings":[138],"present":[139],"compact,":[141],"low-loss":[142],"building":[143],"block":[144],"next-generation":[146],"photonic":[147],"tensor":[148],"processors.":[149]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-29T09:56:32.521200","created_date":"2026-10-28T00:00:00"}
