{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7223900542","doi":"https://doi.org/10.62225/2583049x.2026.6.5.7083","title":"Labour Productivity and Personnel Costs in Vietnamese Enterprises: The Gap Across Ownership Sectors","display_name":"Labour Productivity and Personnel Costs in Vietnamese Enterprises: The Gap Across Ownership Sectors","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7223900542","doi":"https://doi.org/10.62225/2583049x.2026.6.5.7083"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.62225/2583049x.2026.6.5.7083","doi":"https://doi.org/10.62225/2583049x.2026.6.5.7083","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.62225/2583049x.2026.6.5.7083","pdf_url":"https://www.multiresearchjournal.com/admin/uploads/archives/archive-1793087875.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407010209","display_name":"International Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary Research and Studies","issn_l":"2583-049X","issn":["2583-049X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary Research and Studies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://www.multiresearchjournal.com/admin/uploads/archives/archive-1793087875.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5158768615","display_name":"Phan Thi Ngoc","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Phan Thi Ngoc","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110265806","display_name":"Thi Kim Anh Nguyen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nguyen Thi Kim Anh","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86360656,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"5","first_page":"1788","last_page":"1799"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10208","display_name":"Labor market dynamics and wage inequality","score":0.3970000147819519,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10208","display_name":"Labor market dynamics and wage inequality","score":0.3970000147819519,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10393","display_name":"Economic Growth and Productivity","score":0.3411000072956085,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10128","display_name":"Global trade and economics","score":0.06509999930858612,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/labor-productivity","display_name":"labor productivity","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/personnel-costs","display_name":"personnel costs","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wage-premium","display_name":"wage premium","score":0.5680000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state-owned-enterprises","display_name":"state-owned enterprises","score":0.8450000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/foreign-invested-firms","display_name":"foreign-invested firms","score":0.8970000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/capital-intensity","display_name":"capital intensity","score":0.6940000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wage-increases","display_name":"wage growth","score":0.5960000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wage-policy","display_name":"wage policy","score":0.7310000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soe-governance","display_name":"SOE governance","score":0.7789999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/firm-upgrading","display_name":"firm upgrading","score":0.5789999961853027}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204983608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111958","display_name":"Productivity","level":2,"score":0.6450999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145236788","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28161","display_name":"Labour economics","level":1,"score":0.6263999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103621254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9199","display_name":"Vietnamese","level":2,"score":0.6014000177383423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26077564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1910318","display_name":"Turnover","level":2,"score":0.585099995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777388388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6821213","display_name":"Wage","level":2,"score":0.5723999738693237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.527899980545044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83646750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193893","display_name":"Capital (architecture)","level":2,"score":0.42890000343322754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.42160001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189560676","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1187906","display_name":"Profit margin","level":2,"score":0.3926999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.3822000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143369678","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q467212","display_name":"Capital intensity","level":3,"score":0.36550000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52130261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39825","display_name":"Census","level":3,"score":0.36340001225471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74734477","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1479274","display_name":"Cost of capital","level":3,"score":0.3564999997615814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181622380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26911","display_name":"Profit (economics)","level":2,"score":0.34389999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778332525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7959524","display_name":"Wages and salaries","level":2,"score":0.3319999873638153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776943663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165687","display_name":"Human capital","level":2,"score":0.33180001378059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778348673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739302","display_name":"Production (economics)","level":2,"score":0.3138999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776746854","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11430545","display_name":"Foreign ownership","level":3,"score":0.30149999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781426361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5326940","display_name":"Earnings","level":2,"score":0.2957000136375427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27548731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q88272","display_name":"Investment (military)","level":3,"score":0.272599995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172123218","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627293","display_name":"Compensation of employees","level":3,"score":0.2676999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780090960","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194489","display_name":"Salary","level":2,"score":0.25920000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138090074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q572079","display_name":"Ceteris paribus","level":2,"score":0.2524999976158142}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.62225/2583049x.2026.6.5.7083","doi":"https://doi.org/10.62225/2583049x.2026.6.5.7083","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.62225/2583049x.2026.6.5.7083","pdf_url":"https://www.multiresearchjournal.com/admin/uploads/archives/archive-1793087875.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407010209","display_name":"International Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary Research and Studies","issn_l":"2583-049X","issn":["2583-049X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary Research and Studies","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.62225/2583049x.2026.6.5.7083","doi":"https://doi.org/10.62225/2583049x.2026.6.5.7083","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.62225/2583049x.2026.6.5.7083","pdf_url":"https://www.multiresearchjournal.com/admin/uploads/archives/archive-1793087875.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407010209","display_name":"International Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary Research and Studies","issn_l":"2583-049X","issn":["2583-049X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary Research and Studies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":1.0},{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.4943999946117401}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7223900542.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7223900542.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W601787618","https://openalex.org/W4311533506","https://openalex.org/W1572781509","https://openalex.org/W2615361965","https://openalex.org/W7145288108","https://openalex.org/W7146791587","https://openalex.org/W1597054979","https://openalex.org/W2189153828","https://openalex.org/W2405480674","https://openalex.org/W2985194353"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Vietnam\u2019s":[0],"enterprise":[1,59,63],"sector":[2],"is":[3,95],"organised":[4],"around":[5],"three":[6,154,223],"ownership":[7],"groups":[8,41,224],"that":[9],"differ":[10],"sharply":[11],"in":[12,74,221,229,268],"size,":[13],"capital":[14,158,166,237],"and":[15,25,35,42,49,61,114,116,141,203,240,297],"access":[16],"to":[17,112,253],"markets:":[18],"state-owned":[19],"enterprises":[20],"(SOEs),":[21],"non-state":[22,139,181],"domestic":[23,301],"firms":[24,140,173,182],"foreign-invested":[26],"(FDI)":[27],"firms.":[28,303],"This":[29],"paper":[30,286],"documents":[31],"how":[32,43],"labour":[33,170,281],"productivity":[34],"personnel":[36,109,195],"costs":[37,110],"compare":[38],"across":[39],"these":[40,289],"the":[44,58,67,76,81,98,133,193,204,218,266,298],"gaps":[45],"evolved":[46],"between":[47,283],"2016":[48],"2023.":[50],"It":[51],"uses":[52],"only":[53],"official":[54],"secondary":[55],"data":[56],"from":[57,274,280],"census":[60],"annual":[62],"surveys":[64],"published":[65],"by":[66,89,215],"General":[68],"Statistics":[69],"Office":[70],"of":[71,80,108,120,138,198,265,300],"Vietnam":[72],"(GSO),":[73],"particular":[75],"national":[77],"indicator":[78],"tables":[79],"2025":[82],"White":[83],"Book":[84],"on":[85],"Vietnamese":[86],"Enterprises,":[87],"supplemented":[88],"earlier":[90],"editions.":[91],"No":[92],"econometric":[93],"model":[94],"estimated.":[96],"Instead,":[97],"study":[99],"combines":[100],"ratio":[101],"analysis,":[102],"relative-gap":[103],"indices,":[104],"an":[105],"accounting":[106],"split":[107],"relative":[111],"turnover":[113,122,135,187,199,234,270],"profit,":[115],"a":[117,255],"shift-share":[118],"decomposition":[119],"aggregate":[121,269],"per":[123,136,159,177,188,201,212,227,235,238,242,271],"worker.":[124],"Three":[125],"findings":[126],"stand":[127],"out.":[128],"SOEs":[129],"generate":[130],"about":[131,143,175],"twice":[132],"net":[134],"worker":[137,213,239,243,272],"pay":[142,163,174],"1.7":[144],"times":[145,155],"as":[146,156],"much,":[147],"but":[148],"they":[149],"do":[150],"so":[151,161],"with":[152],"roughly":[153],"much":[157],"worker,":[160,189,236],"their":[162],"premium":[164],"mirrors":[165],"intensity":[167],"more":[168,179],"than":[169,180,260,279],"effort.":[171],"FDI":[172],"26":[176],"cent":[178,228],"while":[183],"producing":[184],"slightly":[185],"less":[186],"which":[190],"gives":[191],"them":[192],"highest":[194],"cost":[196],"share":[197],"(7.2\u20138.0":[200],"cent)":[202],"widest":[205],"pay-to-productivity":[206],"ratio.":[207],"Most":[208],"strikingly,":[209],"average":[210],"income":[211],"rose":[214],"almost":[216],"exactly":[217],"same":[219],"proportion":[220],"all":[222,264],"(about":[225],"34":[226],"nominal":[230],"terms)":[231],"even":[232],"though":[233],"profit":[241],"grew":[244],"at":[245],"very":[246],"different":[247],"rates.":[248],"Wage":[249],"growth":[250],"thus":[251],"appears":[252],"follow":[254],"common":[256],"economy-wide":[257],"path":[258],"rather":[259,278],"sector-specific":[261],"productivity.":[262],"Almost":[263],"rise":[267],"came":[273],"improvements":[275],"within":[276],"sectors":[277],"moving":[282],"them.":[284],"The":[285],"discusses":[287],"what":[288],"patterns":[290],"imply":[291],"for":[292],"wage":[293],"policy,":[294],"SOE":[295],"governance":[296],"upgrading":[299],"private":[302]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-03T10:50:19.383937","created_date":"2026-10-28T00:00:00"}
