{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7223879963","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40001-026-05390-w","title":"Association and predictive performance of inflammatory biomarkers for post-stroke pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","display_name":"Association and predictive performance of inflammatory biomarkers for post-stroke pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7223879963","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40001-026-05390-w"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s40001-026-05390-w","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40001-026-05390-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40001-026-05390-w","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S64516541","display_name":"European journal of medical research","issn_l":"0949-2321","issn":["0949-2321","2047-783X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"European Journal of Medical Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40001-026-05390-w","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159837201","display_name":"Mengjun Liu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199305430","display_name":"Nantong University","ror":"https://ror.org/02afcvw97","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199305430"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mengjun Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate Students, School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate Students, School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199305430"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159900252","display_name":"Ni Zeng","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199305430","display_name":"Nantong University","ror":"https://ror.org/02afcvw97","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199305430"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ni Zeng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate Students, School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate Students, School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199305430"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159861935","display_name":"Xinyi Zhao","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199305430","display_name":"Nantong University","ror":"https://ror.org/02afcvw97","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199305430"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinyi Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate Students, School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate Students, School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199305430"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159844685","display_name":"Pingyang Liu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199305430","display_name":"Nantong University","ror":"https://ror.org/02afcvw97","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199305430"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pingyang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate Students, School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China","School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate Students, School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199305430"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199305430"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159771922","display_name":"Peng Liu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199305430","display_name":"Nantong University","ror":"https://ror.org/02afcvw97","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199305430"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Peng Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate Students, School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China","School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate Students, School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199305430"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199305430"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5159771922"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199305430"],"apc_list":{"value":3190,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3190},"apc_paid":{"value":3190,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3190},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85165206,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11358","display_name":"Dysphagia Assessment and Management","score":0.31709998846054077,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3616","display_name":"Speech and Hearing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11358","display_name":"Dysphagia Assessment and Management","score":0.31709998846054077,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3616","display_name":"Speech and Hearing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10218","display_name":"Sepsis Diagnosis and Treatment","score":0.1574999988079071,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2706","display_name":"Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10654","display_name":"Pneumonia and Respiratory Infections","score":0.15690000355243683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/post-stroke-pneumonia","display_name":"post-stroke pneumonia","score":0.9760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inflammatory-markers","display_name":"inflammatory markers","score":0.871999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stroke","display_name":"stroke","score":0.6899999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biomarker-association","display_name":"biomarker association","score":0.503000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/predictive-performance","display_name":"predictive performance","score":0.8320000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-prediction","display_name":"risk prediction","score":0.31299999356269836}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.7835000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.49709999561309814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.4246000051498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143998085","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162555","display_name":"Oncology","level":1,"score":0.40709999203681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142853389","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q744778","display_name":"Association (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.39489999413490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781197716","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864574","display_name":"Biomarker","level":2,"score":0.374099999666214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60644358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128570","display_name":"Bioinformatics","level":1,"score":0.33629998564720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776914184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101991","display_name":"Inflammation","level":2,"score":0.27480000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71472368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q676880","display_name":"Text mining","level":2,"score":0.2687000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189708586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1504425","display_name":"Systematic review","level":3,"score":0.2599000036716461}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s40001-026-05390-w","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40001-026-05390-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40001-026-05390-w","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S64516541","display_name":"European journal of medical research","issn_l":"0949-2321","issn":["0949-2321","2047-783X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"European Journal of Medical Research","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s40001-026-05390-w","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40001-026-05390-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40001-026-05390-w","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S64516541","display_name":"European journal of medical research","issn_l":"0949-2321","issn":["0949-2321","2047-783X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"European Journal of Medical Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":1.0}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/systematic-review","display_name":"Systematic Review"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/meta-analysis","display_name":"Meta-Analysis"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2411338784","https://openalex.org/W4399589216","https://openalex.org/W7221459324","https://openalex.org/W7017957151","https://openalex.org/W6939656611","https://openalex.org/W7221469704","https://openalex.org/W2283416642","https://openalex.org/W2078891704","https://openalex.org/W7008304260","https://openalex.org/W2534286468"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Stroke":[0],"remains":[1,45,313],"a":[2],"leading":[3],"cause":[4],"of":[5,15,54,77,99,110,150,226,269],"death":[6],"and":[7,32,51,67,84,96,126,153,186,197,216,229,248,260,283,296],"long-term":[8],"disability":[9],"worldwide.":[10],"Post-stroke":[11],"pneumonia":[12],"(PSP),":[13],"one":[14],"its":[16],"most":[17],"serious":[18],"complications,":[19],"lacks":[20],"robust":[21],"tools":[22,312],"for":[23,43,57],"ultra-early":[24],"prediction.":[25],"Inflammatory":[26],"biomarkers":[27,56,277],"quantify":[28],"the":[29,49,70,92,132,135,224,253,289],"systemic":[30,162,167],"inflammatory":[31,55,111,276],"immunosuppressive":[33],"response":[34,164],"triggered":[35],"by":[36,131,258],"acute":[37],"stroke,":[38],"but":[39,209],"their":[40],"predictive":[41,52,128,286],"value":[42,53,308],"PSP":[44,116,155,159,282],"unclear.":[46],"We":[47,73],"evaluated":[48],"association":[50,221],"PSP.":[58],"This":[59],"systematic":[60],"review":[61],"was":[62,89,101,205],"prospectively":[63],"registered":[64],"with":[65,104,115,158,202,281],"PROSPERO":[66],"conducted":[68],"per":[69,123,193],"PRISMA":[71],"guidelines.":[72],"searched":[74],"PubMed,":[75],"Web":[76],"Science,":[78],"China":[79],"National":[80],"Knowledge":[81],"Infrastructure":[82],"(CNKI),":[83],"Wanfang":[85],"Data.":[86],"Study":[87],"quality":[88],"assessed":[90,103],"using":[91],"Newcastle\u2013Ottawa":[93],"Scale":[94],"(NOS),":[95],"prediction-study":[97],"risk":[98],"bias":[100],"additionally":[102],"PROBAST.":[105],"Outcomes":[106],"were:":[107],"(1)":[108],"associations":[109],"markers":[112],"(continuous":[113],"variables)":[114],"risk;":[117],"(2)":[118],"adjusted":[119,191],"odds":[120],"ratios":[121],"(ORs)":[122],"1-unit":[124,194],"increase;":[125],"(3)":[127],"performance,":[129],"measured":[130],"area":[133],"under":[134],"receiver-operating":[136],"characteristic":[137],"curve":[138],"(AUC).":[139],"Forty-nine":[140],"studies":[141],"involving":[142],"22,796":[143],"patients":[144,157],"were":[145,278],"included.":[146],"Within":[147],"24":[148],"h":[149],"stroke":[151],"onset":[152],"before":[154,208],"diagnosis,":[156],"had":[160],"higher":[161],"inflammation":[163],"index":[165,169,237],"(SIRI),":[166],"immune-inflammation":[168],"(SII),":[170],"neutrophil-to-lymphocyte":[171],"ratio":[172,175,178],"(NLR),":[173],"platelet-to-lymphocyte":[174],"(PLR),":[176],"monocyte-to-lymphocyte":[177],"(MLR),":[179],"interleukin-6":[180],"(IL-6),":[181],"lipopolysaccharide-binding":[182],"protein":[183],"(LBP),":[184],"D-dimer,":[185],"fibrinogen":[187],"than":[188],"controls.":[189],"In":[190],"analyses":[192,272],"increase,":[195],"SIRI":[196,261],"NLR":[198,245],"remained":[199,273],"significantly":[200,279],"associated":[201,280],"PSP;":[203],"MLR":[204,249],"nominally":[206],"significant":[207,220],"not":[210,240],"after":[211],"Benjamini\u2013Hochberg":[212],"(BH)":[213],"correction;":[214],"SII":[215,259],"PLR":[217],"showed":[218,284],"no":[219],"owing":[222,231],"to":[223,232,309,314],"scale":[225],"composite":[227],"indices,":[228],"LMR":[230],"statistical":[233],"imprecision.":[234],"Prognostic":[235],"nutritional":[236],"(PNI)":[238],"could":[239],"be":[241,315],"pooled.":[242],"For":[243],"prediction,":[244],"(AUC":[246,250],"0.78)":[247],"0.77)":[251],"yielded":[252],"highest":[254],"pooled":[255],"AUCs,":[256],"followed":[257],"(both":[262],"AUC":[263],"0.73).":[264],"After":[265],"BH":[266],"correction,":[267],"16":[268],"21":[270],"primary":[271],"significant.":[274],"Several":[275],"moderate":[285,290],"value.":[287],"Given":[288],"discrimination,":[291],"variability":[292],"in":[293,317],"optimal":[294],"cut-offs,":[295],"substantial":[297],"residual":[298],"heterogeneity,":[299],"findings":[300],"are":[301],"hypothesis-generating:":[302],"whether":[303],"dynamic":[304],"biomarker":[305],"monitoring":[306],"adds":[307],"clinical":[310],"prediction":[311],"established":[316],"prospective":[318],"multicenter":[319],"studies.":[320],"Systematic":[321],"Review":[322],"Registration:":[323],"https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/":[324],";":[325],"CRD420251004401.":[326]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-10-28T00:00:00"}