{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7223835700","doi":"https://doi.org/10.54254/2753-8818/2026.38374","title":"VR-MI-BCI for Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation: Limitations of Current Research and Design of an Improved Experimental Protocol","display_name":"VR-MI-BCI for Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation: Limitations of Current Research and Design of an Improved Experimental Protocol","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7223835700","doi":"https://doi.org/10.54254/2753-8818/2026.38374"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.54254/2753-8818/2026.38374","doi":"https://doi.org/10.54254/2753-8818/2026.38374","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.54254/2753-8818/2026.38374","pdf_url":"https://tns.ewapub.com/article/view/38374.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387283303","display_name":"Theoretical and Natural Science","issn_l":"2753-8818","issn":["2753-8818","2753-8826"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Theoretical and Natural Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://tns.ewapub.com/article/view/38374.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100781705","display_name":"Jin Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8843-8346","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8843-8346"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jinyao Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Affiliated International School of Shenzhen Unilink (Zhan Hua Experimental School)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Affiliated International School of Shenzhen Unilink (Zhan Hua Experimental School)","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100781705"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81201159,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"201","issue":"1","first_page":"167","last_page":"172"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.6147000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.6147000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10510","display_name":"Stroke Rehabilitation and Recovery","score":0.2655999958515167,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2742","display_name":"Rehabilitation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10925","display_name":"Spinal Cord Injury Research","score":0.10610000044107437,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2734","display_name":"Pathology and Forensic Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spinal-cord-injury-rehabilitation","display_name":"spinal cord injury rehabilitation","score":0.8690000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-reality","display_name":"virtual reality","score":0.9539999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motor-imagery","display_name":"motor imagery","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brain-computer-interface","display_name":"brain-computer interface","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/experimental-protocol-design","display_name":"experimental protocol design","score":0.8220000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-groups","display_name":"control groups","score":0.8059999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-mixed-models","display_name":"linear mixed models","score":0.7419999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/long-term-follow-up","display_name":"long-term follow-up","score":0.8309999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/research-bias","display_name":"research bias","score":0.4390000104904175}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778818304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1819478","display_name":"Rehabilitation","level":2,"score":0.6758000254631042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778334475","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1415275","display_name":"Spinal cord injury","level":3,"score":0.59170001745224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.5770000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99508421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2678675","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","level":1,"score":0.5406000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.48660001158714294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779618896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107231","display_name":"Paralysis","level":2,"score":0.42010000348091125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4050999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.3864000141620636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988438704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2996165","display_name":"Motor function","level":2,"score":0.36899998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137813230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2996165","display_name":"Motor control","level":2,"score":0.36090001463890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148043351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4456944","display_name":"Current (fluid)","level":2,"score":0.3555999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55037315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5421151","display_name":"Experimental data","level":2,"score":0.3005000054836273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2921000123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776505523","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4785468","display_name":"Plan (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.2867000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54808283","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6918191","display_name":"Motor imagery","level":4,"score":0.2752000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.27379998564720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113843644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901882","display_name":"Interface (matter)","level":4,"score":0.27250000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017944768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1450463","display_name":"Poison control","level":2,"score":0.26190000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780168796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q954946","display_name":"Rehabilitation engineering","level":3,"score":0.25290000438690186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.2515000104904175}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.54254/2753-8818/2026.38374","doi":"https://doi.org/10.54254/2753-8818/2026.38374","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.54254/2753-8818/2026.38374","pdf_url":"https://tns.ewapub.com/article/view/38374.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387283303","display_name":"Theoretical and Natural Science","issn_l":"2753-8818","issn":["2753-8818","2753-8826"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Theoretical and Natural Science","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.54254/2753-8818/2026.38374","doi":"https://doi.org/10.54254/2753-8818/2026.38374","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.54254/2753-8818/2026.38374","pdf_url":"https://tns.ewapub.com/article/view/38374.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387283303","display_name":"Theoretical and Natural Science","issn_l":"2753-8818","issn":["2753-8818","2753-8826"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Theoretical and Natural Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.8199999928474426,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7223835700.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7223835700.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":5,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4389916899","https://openalex.org/W4414523443","https://openalex.org/W4414656261","https://openalex.org/W4417126739","https://openalex.org/W7125636028"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3006733441","https://openalex.org/W4404870532","https://openalex.org/W4416220052","https://openalex.org/W7125636028","https://openalex.org/W3046096340","https://openalex.org/W4389916899","https://openalex.org/W4365814872","https://openalex.org/W4412531279","https://openalex.org/W7127138108","https://openalex.org/W2493625215"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Paralysis":[0],"caused":[1],"by":[2],"spinal":[3],"cord":[4],"injury":[5],"can":[6,152],"result":[7],"in":[8,14,60,157],"the":[9,17,45,55,70,79,93,96,154,163],"loss":[10],"of":[11,19,48,72,95],"motor":[12,22,73,116],"function":[13],"patients,":[15],"and":[16,25,52,78,136],"combination":[18],"VR":[20],"with":[21],"imagery":[23,74,117],"(MI)":[24],"brain-computer":[26],"interface":[27],"(BCI)":[28],"technology":[29],"shows":[30],"considerable":[31],"potential":[32],"as":[33],"a":[34,41,114,129,179],"rehabilitation":[35,50,143,184],"approach.":[36],"This":[37,145,174],"article":[38,146],"first":[39],"provides":[40],"brief":[42],"introduction":[43],"to":[44,124,141],"fundamental":[46],"principles":[47],"this":[49,102,149],"method,":[51],"then":[53],"reviews":[54],"common":[56],"problems":[57],"that":[58,166],"exist":[59],"current":[61],"related":[62],"research:":[63],"many":[64],"experiments":[65],"lack":[66],"appropriate":[67],"control":[68],"groups,":[69],"methods":[71,81],"are":[75],"not":[76],"standardized,":[77],"statistical":[80],"used":[82],"for":[83,133,182],"data":[84,134],"analysis":[85],"also":[86,137,161],"have":[87],"limitations.":[88],"These":[89],"issues":[90],"may":[91,177],"compromise":[92],"reliability":[94],"findings.":[97],"To":[98],"address":[99],"these":[100],"issues,":[101],"paper":[103],"theoretically":[104],"designs":[105],"an":[106],"improved":[107,175],"experimental":[108],"protocol,":[109],"refines":[110],"subject":[111],"grouping,":[112],"establishes":[113],"standardized":[115],"guidance":[118],"procedure,":[119],"incorporates":[120],"multi-channel":[121],"signal":[122],"monitoring":[123],"remove":[125],"interference":[126],"signals,":[127],"selects":[128],"linear":[130],"mixed":[131],"model":[132],"analysis,":[135],"includes":[138],"long-term":[139],"follow-up":[140],"observe":[142],"outcomes.":[144],"analyzes":[147],"how":[148],"optimization":[150],"plan":[151],"mitigate":[153],"biases":[155],"present":[156],"previous":[158],"studies,":[159],"but":[160],"discusses":[162],"practical":[164],"difficulties":[165],"will":[167],"still":[168],"be":[169],"encountered":[170],"during":[171],"its":[172],"implementation.":[173],"approach":[176],"provide":[178],"useful":[180],"reference":[181],"future":[183],"research.":[185]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-10-28T00:00:00"}
