{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7223832154","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23682457","title":"At What Point Does a Society's Pursuit of Equality Become an Institutionalized Acceptance of Unequal Treatment?","display_name":"At What Point Does a Society's Pursuit of Equality Become an Institutionalized Acceptance of Unequal Treatment?","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7223832154","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23682457"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.23682457","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23682457","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23682457","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23682457","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5153028382","display_name":"Albert Clark","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7348-4395","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7348-4395"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799597470","display_name":"Everglades University","ror":"https://ror.org/00s18am05","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799597470"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Clark, Albert","raw_affiliation_strings":["Everglades University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7348-4395","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Everglades University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799597470"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5153028382"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799597470"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90652165,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13170","display_name":"Discrimination and Equality Law","score":0.9843999743461609,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13170","display_name":"Discrimination and Equality Law","score":0.9843999743461609,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10718","display_name":"Political Philosophy and Ethics","score":0.006200000178068876,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12765","display_name":"Race, History, and American Society","score":0.003000000026077032,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-equality","display_name":"racial equality","score":0.8320000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/affirmative-action","display_name":"affirmative action","score":0.9789999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diversity-equity-and-inclusion","display_name":"diversity, equity, and inclusion","score":0.9390000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-classification","display_name":"racial classification","score":0.7070000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/institutional-inequality","display_name":"institutional inequality","score":0.4790000021457672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/procedural-injustice","display_name":"procedural injustice","score":0.7570000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stigmatization","display_name":"stigmatization","score":0.9279999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/individualized-justice","display_name":"individualized justice","score":0.7609999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/corrective-justice","display_name":"corrective justice","score":0.49799999594688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/post-apartheid-south-africa","display_name":"post-apartheid South Africa","score":0.753000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malaysia","display_name":"Malaysia","score":0.8029999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/united-states","display_name":"United States","score":0.8600000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/institutional-accountability","display_name":"institutional accountability","score":0.5619999766349792}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776515129","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7306218","display_name":"Redress","level":2,"score":0.7652999758720398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46295352","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207982","display_name":"Legitimacy","level":3,"score":0.7123000025749207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776728590","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q363948","display_name":"Contradiction","level":2,"score":0.6466000080108643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776889888","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1135789","display_name":"Unintended consequences","level":2,"score":0.614300012588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.6100999712944031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777732099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214244","display_name":"Affirmative action","level":2,"score":0.5073999762535095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118084267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26110","display_name":"Positive economics","level":1,"score":0.47850000858306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.4641999900341034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.4528000056743622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780665704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959298","display_name":"Intervention (counseling)","level":2,"score":0.4431999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778128915","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3782613","display_name":"Contractualism","level":2,"score":0.4359000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777667586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8038170","display_name":"Wright","level":2,"score":0.4101000130176544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.4090999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.40389999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779581858","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9049677","display_name":"Neutrality","level":2,"score":0.3937999904155731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256382","display_name":"Psychological intervention","level":2,"score":0.38089999556541443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109986646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q546113","display_name":"Public policy","level":2,"score":0.36730000376701355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.361299991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.3587999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100001284","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2248246","display_name":"Public economics","level":1,"score":0.3580000102519989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109359841","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q728944","display_name":"Inclusion (mineral)","level":2,"score":0.35429999232292175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.34599998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.33480000495910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776748549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201610","display_name":"Status quo","level":2,"score":0.32659998536109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778496695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254128","display_name":"Dilemma","level":2,"score":0.3224000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45555294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28113351","display_name":"Inequality","level":2,"score":0.31520000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.31040000915527344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.29649999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779508350","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6041185","display_name":"Institutional analysis","level":2,"score":0.2930000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139838865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8461","display_name":"Racism","level":2,"score":0.2858000099658966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781118332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q430460","display_name":"Capability approach","level":2,"score":0.2799000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776325391","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6917865","display_name":"Motivated reasoning","level":3,"score":0.2782000005245209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185874996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q269699","display_name":"Interdependence","level":2,"score":0.2750000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.27230000495910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197947376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5155608","display_name":"Comparability","level":2,"score":0.26759999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76509639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918036","display_name":"Race (biology)","level":2,"score":0.262800008058548}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.23682457","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23682457","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23682457","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.23682458","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23682458","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23682458","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.23682457","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23682457","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23682457","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"},{"score":0.5473999977111816,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2086281831","https://openalex.org/W2021341430","https://openalex.org/W4392403720","https://openalex.org/W7047646204","https://openalex.org/W2734075076","https://openalex.org/W176530147","https://openalex.org/W2578456966","https://openalex.org/W1559459921","https://openalex.org/W2979526704","https://openalex.org/W2556022831"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,90,158],"pursuit":[1],"of":[2,21,65,111,163,189,197],"racial":[3,16,176,217],"equality":[4,177],"presents":[5],"a":[6,161],"fundamental":[7],"contradiction":[8,33],"when":[9],"institutions":[10],"committed":[11],"to":[12,81],"eliminating":[13],"discrimination":[14],"employ":[15],"classification":[17,218],"as":[18],"an":[19,186],"instrument":[20],"distributing":[22],"opportunities,":[23],"resources,":[24],"and":[25,43,62,70,73,88,99,119,124,169,192],"institutional":[26,167,190],"advantages.":[27],"This":[28],"article":[29,159],"critically":[30],"examines":[31],"that":[32,93,132,150,175,193],"through":[34],"political":[35],"philosophy,":[36],"organizational":[37],"psychology,":[38],"labor":[39],"economics,":[40],"constitutional":[41],"scholarship,":[42],"comparative":[44],"public":[45],"policy.":[46],"Drawing":[47],"upon":[48],"24":[49],"scholarly":[50],"journal":[51],"publications,":[52],"it":[53],"investigates":[54],"the":[55,82,148,194,214],"historical":[56],"justification,":[57],"demonstrated":[58],"benefits,":[59],"unintended":[60],"consequences,":[61],"ethical":[63],"limitations":[64],"affirmative":[66],"action,":[67],"diversity,":[68],"equity,":[69],"inclusion":[71],"initiatives,":[72],"race-conscious":[74,94],"allocation":[75],"systems.":[76],"Particular":[77],"attention":[78],"is":[79,136],"devoted":[80],"United":[83],"States,":[84],"post-apartheid":[85],"South":[86],"Africa,":[87],"Malaysia.":[89],"analysis":[91],"finds":[92],"interventions":[95],"can":[96,108],"improve":[97],"access":[98],"representation":[100],"under":[101],"identifiable":[102],"conditions,":[103],"while":[104,183],"stronger":[105],"preferential":[106,117],"systems":[107],"generate":[109],"perceptions":[110],"procedural":[112],"injustice,":[113],"stigmatization,":[114],"dependence":[115],"on":[116],"systems,":[118],"conflicts":[120],"between":[121],"collective":[122],"redress":[123],"individual":[125],"equality.":[126],"These":[127],"findings":[128],"do":[129],"not":[130,203],"establish":[131],"every":[133],"corrective":[134,171,198],"intervention":[135],"discriminatory":[137],"in":[138,142],"purpose":[139],"or":[140],"harmful":[141],"effect.":[143],"They":[144],"do,":[145],"however,":[146],"challenge":[147],"assumption":[149],"morally":[151],"desirable":[152],"objectives":[153],"justify":[154],"indefinite":[155],"demographic":[156],"preferences.":[157],"advances":[160],"framework":[162],"individualized":[164],"justice,":[165],"measurable":[166],"accountability,":[168],"time-limited":[170],"intervention.":[172],"It":[173],"concludes":[174],"cannot":[178],"be":[179,201],"considered":[180],"fully":[181],"achieved":[182],"ancestry":[184],"remains":[185],"enduring":[187],"determinant":[188],"opportunity,":[191],"ultimate":[195],"legitimacy":[196],"policies":[199],"must":[200],"judged":[202],"merely":[204],"by":[205,210],"whom":[206],"they":[207,212],"benefit,":[208],"but":[209],"whether":[211],"reduce":[213],"necessity":[215],"for":[216],"itself.":[219]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-29T09:56:32.521200","created_date":"2026-10-28T00:00:00"}