{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7223784485","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1962608","title":"Effects of different electrical stimulation on depression: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","display_name":"Effects of different electrical stimulation on depression: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7223784485","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1962608"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1962608","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1962608","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1962608","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychiatry/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1962608/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S92766711","display_name":"Frontiers in Psychiatry","issn_l":"1664-0640","issn":["1664-0640"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Psychiatry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychiatry/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1962608/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133524807","display_name":"Jiajin Chai","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26080491","display_name":"Kunming Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/038c3w259","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26080491"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiajin Chai","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Affiliated Mental Health Center of Kunming Medical University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Affiliated Mental Health Center of Kunming Medical University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26080491"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101406344","display_name":"Song Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6976-4696","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6976-4696"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192327786","display_name":"Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/05x1ptx12","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192327786"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26080491","display_name":"Kunming Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/038c3w259","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26080491"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Song Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Affiliated Mental Health Center of Kunming Medical University","The Second Clinical Medical College, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Affiliated Mental Health Center of Kunming Medical University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26080491"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Second Clinical Medical College, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192327786"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014532805","display_name":"Junhao Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5103-7028","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5103-7028"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26080491","display_name":"Kunming Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/038c3w259","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26080491"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junhao Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Affiliated Mental Health Center of Kunming Medical University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Affiliated Mental Health Center of Kunming Medical University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26080491"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074912287","display_name":"\u59da\u7ecd\u5ca9","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I46975222","display_name":"Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/04zap7912","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I46975222"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shaoyan Yao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I46975222"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114928559","display_name":"Lei Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3550-3528","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3550-3528","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1455-152X","https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0991-2676"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26080491","display_name":"Kunming Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/038c3w259","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26080491"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Affiliated Mental Health Center of Kunming Medical University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Affiliated Mental Health Center of Kunming Medical University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26080491"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159801223","display_name":"Xichen Chen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120169","display_name":"First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/02g01ht84","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120169"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xichen Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120169"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100394709","display_name":"Fei Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9313-2058","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9313-2058"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26080491","display_name":"Kunming Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/038c3w259","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26080491"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fei Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Affiliated Mental Health Center of Kunming Medical University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Affiliated Mental Health Center of Kunming Medical University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26080491"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159747997","display_name":"Changliang Ji","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26080491","display_name":"Kunming Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/038c3w259","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26080491"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Changliang Ji","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Affiliated Mental Health Center of Kunming Medical University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Affiliated Mental Health Center of Kunming Medical University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26080491"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159858501","display_name":"Hanyu Chen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26080491","display_name":"Kunming Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/038c3w259","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26080491"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799435780","display_name":"Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical College","ror":"https://ror.org/01kq6mv68","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799435780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hanyu Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Second School of Clinical Medicine and The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Second School of Clinical Medicine and The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26080491","https://openalex.org/I2799435780"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159759857","display_name":"Shu Tan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26080491","display_name":"Kunming Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/038c3w259","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26080491"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shu Tan","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Affiliated Mental Health Center of Kunming Medical University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Affiliated Mental Health Center of Kunming Medical University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26080491"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100448362","display_name":"Rui Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7698-6927","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7698-6927","https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1540-1216"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26080491","display_name":"Kunming Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/038c3w259","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26080491"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rui Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Affiliated Mental Health Center of Kunming Medical University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Affiliated Mental Health Center of Kunming Medical University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26080491"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035495040","display_name":"Runjuan Ma","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26080491","display_name":"Kunming Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/038c3w259","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26080491"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Runjuan Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Affiliated Mental Health Center of Kunming Medical University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Affiliated Mental Health Center of Kunming Medical University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26080491"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101735689","display_name":"Shikun Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4297-9571","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4297-9571"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192327786","display_name":"Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/05x1ptx12","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192327786"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26080491","display_name":"Kunming Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/038c3w259","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26080491"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shikun Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Affiliated Mental Health Center of Kunming Medical University","The Second Clinical Medical College, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Affiliated Mental Health Center of Kunming Medical University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26080491"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Second Clinical Medical College, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192327786"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159806148","display_name":"Shouping Zhao","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26080491","display_name":"Kunming Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/038c3w259","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26080491"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shouping Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Affiliated Mental Health Center of Kunming Medical University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Affiliated Mental Health Center of Kunming Medical University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26080491"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101735689","https://openalex.org/A5159806148"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192327786","https://openalex.org/I26080491"],"apc_list":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"apc_paid":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.53157895,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12580","display_name":"Vagus Nerve Stimulation Research","score":0.625,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2808","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12580","display_name":"Vagus Nerve Stimulation Research","score":0.625,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2808","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10614","display_name":"Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies","score":0.15449999272823334,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2808","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11921","display_name":"Electroconvulsive Therapy Studies","score":0.1543000042438507,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2738","display_name":"Psychiatry and Mental health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/depression","display_name":"depression","score":0.9890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-stimulation","display_name":"electrical stimulation","score":0.8220000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transcutaneous-auricular-vagus-nerve-stimulation","display_name":"transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation","score":0.9760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transcranial-direct-current-stimulation","display_name":"transcranial direct current stimulation","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-invasive-brain-stimulation","display_name":"non-invasive brain stimulation","score":0.7200000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clinical-response-rate","display_name":"clinical response rate","score":0.7919999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/depression-severity","display_name":"depression severity","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/treatment-safety","display_name":"treatment safety","score":0.7400000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/comparative-efficacy","display_name":"drug efficacy comparison","score":0.6150000095367432}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780087125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2062293","display_name":"Vagus nerve stimulation","level":4,"score":0.6547999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.6179999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780733359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q331769","display_name":"Mood","level":2,"score":0.521399974822998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83849319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7295720","display_name":"Rating scale","level":2,"score":0.5066999793052673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168563851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1436668","display_name":"Randomized controlled trial","level":2,"score":0.4767000079154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24998067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4114622","display_name":"Stimulation","level":2,"score":0.46380001306533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2771230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4926699","display_name":"Blinding","level":3,"score":0.4544000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95190672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815382","display_name":"Meta-analysis","level":2,"score":0.450300008058548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985799443","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4955838","display_name":"Brain stimulation","level":3,"score":0.43880000710487366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779903281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888026","display_name":"Modalities","level":2,"score":0.43619999289512634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776867660","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1814941","display_name":"Depression (economics)","level":2,"score":0.4341999888420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C535046627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30612","display_name":"Clinical trial","level":2,"score":0.397599995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197934379","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2047938","display_name":"Adverse effect","level":2,"score":0.3783999979496002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99508421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2678675","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","level":1,"score":0.3732999861240387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777803708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q603398","display_name":"Transcranial direct-current stimulation","level":3,"score":0.36579999327659607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189708586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1504425","display_name":"Systematic review","level":3,"score":0.3610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82605166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q967190","display_name":"Funnel plot","level":4,"score":0.3472000062465668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780439572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q919364","display_name":"Publication bias","level":3,"score":0.3034999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1862650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186005","display_name":"Physical therapy","level":1,"score":0.29490000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778186239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41571","display_name":"Epilepsy","level":2,"score":0.2915000021457672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776245837","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25053505","display_name":"Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index","level":4,"score":0.289000004529953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776466505","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q385555","display_name":"Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression","level":4,"score":0.28369998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42219234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131130","display_name":"Anesthesia","level":1,"score":0.2757999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776000289","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5133761","display_name":"Clinical Global Impression","level":4,"score":0.27309998869895935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778542668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618076","display_name":"Deep brain stimulation","level":4,"score":0.2728999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992053201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2585693","display_name":"Clinical efficacy","level":2,"score":0.27129998803138733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778581513","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q263962","display_name":"Transcranial magnetic stimulation","level":3,"score":0.2711000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019692148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186005","display_name":"Therapeutic modalities","level":2,"score":0.26269999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177825189","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5357702","display_name":"Electrical brain stimulation","level":3,"score":0.2623000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778528637","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4967025","display_name":"Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale","level":3,"score":0.2540000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.25189998745918274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28804328","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7623693","display_name":"Strictly standardized mean difference","level":3,"score":0.2515000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27081682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q269829","display_name":"Placebo","level":3,"score":0.2508000135421753}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1962608","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1962608","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1962608","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychiatry/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1962608/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S92766711","display_name":"Frontiers in Psychiatry","issn_l":"1664-0640","issn":["1664-0640"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Psychiatry","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:77a8866c0cf445079a5dbcf868cc3b41","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/77a8866c0cf445079a5dbcf868cc3b41","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Psychiatry, Vol 17 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1962608","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1962608","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1962608","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychiatry/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1962608/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S92766711","display_name":"Frontiers in Psychiatry","issn_l":"1664-0640","issn":["1664-0640"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Psychiatry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":1.0,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/systematic-review","display_name":"Systematic Review"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/meta-analysis","display_name":"Meta-Analysis"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7223784485.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7223784485.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1617328014","https://openalex.org/W1973403818","https://openalex.org/W1990001536","https://openalex.org/W2055362996","https://openalex.org/W2065992327","https://openalex.org/W2069830873","https://openalex.org/W2079370219","https://openalex.org/W2094533610","https://openalex.org/W2096707321","https://openalex.org/W2105669432","https://openalex.org/W2113144077","https://openalex.org/W2149516065","https://openalex.org/W2167217911","https://openalex.org/W2224742922","https://openalex.org/W2270807063","https://openalex.org/W2327064177","https://openalex.org/W2529310142","https://openalex.org/W2599051175","https://openalex.org/W2883749747","https://openalex.org/W2943959675","https://openalex.org/W2961390679","https://openalex.org/W2970012072","https://openalex.org/W2995309131","https://openalex.org/W2996510667","https://openalex.org/W3025280642","https://openalex.org/W3033781588","https://openalex.org/W3107508935","https://openalex.org/W3118615836","https://openalex.org/W3181719595","https://openalex.org/W3198744980","https://openalex.org/W3203310594","https://openalex.org/W4200627112","https://openalex.org/W4205208574","https://openalex.org/W4206369288","https://openalex.org/W4212766604","https://openalex.org/W4213368610","https://openalex.org/W4232628821","https://openalex.org/W4246051008","https://openalex.org/W4311908682","https://openalex.org/W4376226518","https://openalex.org/W4386765496","https://openalex.org/W4390535768","https://openalex.org/W4399168620","https://openalex.org/W4399708410","https://openalex.org/W4402500152","https://openalex.org/W4403601600","https://openalex.org/W4414159717","https://openalex.org/W4416038168","https://openalex.org/W7129244997","https://openalex.org/W7142412159","https://openalex.org/W7148900617","https://openalex.org/W7155527451","https://openalex.org/W7162791702","https://openalex.org/W7164038059","https://openalex.org/W7164222184"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4416459128","https://openalex.org/W4411413745","https://openalex.org/W7119672678","https://openalex.org/W3093731264","https://openalex.org/W4377694899","https://openalex.org/W3008639106","https://openalex.org/W3141974741","https://openalex.org/W2923273639","https://openalex.org/W3017595931","https://openalex.org/W4398156251"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background":[0],"Depression":[1,252],"is":[2,279,296],"a":[3,161,176,196,306,316],"prevalent":[4],"psychiatric":[5],"disorder":[6],"characterised":[7],"by":[8],"persistent":[9],"low":[10,327],"mood":[11],"and":[12,24,42,52,59,90,102,128,145,175,286,295],"anhedonia,":[13],"substantially":[14],"impairing":[15],"quality":[16,89],"of":[17,44,71,92,104,134,139,273,329],"life.":[18],"Conventional":[19],"treatments":[20],"show":[21],"variable":[22],"efficacy":[23,41],"tolerability,":[25],"with":[26,108,160,192,195,281,293],"high":[27],"post-discontinuation":[28],"relapse":[29],"rates.":[30],"Electrical":[31,277],"stimulation":[32,63,148,157,219,244,278],"has":[33],"emerged":[34],"as":[35],"an":[36],"alternative":[37],"intervention,":[38],"but":[39],"comparative":[40],"safety":[43,198],"different":[45],"modalities":[46,149,302],"remain":[47],"uncertain.":[48],"This":[49],"systematic":[50,69],"review":[51],"network":[53,113],"meta-analysis":[54,114,153],"aimed":[55],"to":[56,84,173,188,206,238,266],"synthesise":[57],"evidence":[58,105,331],"quantitatively":[60],"compare":[61],"electrical":[62,147,156],"approaches":[64],"for":[65,76,223,248],"depression.":[66],"Methods":[67],"A":[68,137],"search":[70],"13":[72],"databases":[73],"was":[74,106,115,122,158],"conducted":[75],"randomised":[77,341],"controlled":[78,342],"trials":[79],"(RCTs)":[80],"published":[81],"from":[82],"inception":[83],"16":[85],"July":[86],"2026.":[87],"Methodological":[88],"risk":[91],"bias":[93,121],"were":[94,150],"assessed":[95,123],"using":[96,117],"the":[97,109,132,225,250,271,301,326,330],"Cochrane":[98],"RoB":[99],"2":[100],"tool,":[101],"certainty":[103,328],"evaluated":[107],"GRADE":[110],"framework.":[111],"Frequentist":[112],"performed":[116],"STATA":[118],"18.0.":[119],"Publication":[120],"via":[124],"funnel":[125],"plot":[126],"inspection,":[127],"sensitivity":[129],"analyses":[130,269],"examined":[131],"robustness":[133,272],"findings.":[135],"Results":[136],"total":[138],"33":[140],"RCTs":[141],"involving":[142],"2,664":[143],"participants":[144],"nine":[146],"included.":[151],"Pairwise":[152],"showed":[154,315],"that":[155],"associated":[159,280],"significantly":[162],"improved":[163,282],"clinical":[164,226,283,311],"response":[165,227,284],"rate":[166,228],"(OR":[167,200],"=":[168,183,201,230,233,258,261],"2.78,":[169],"95%":[170,185,203,235,263],"CI":[171,186,204,236,264],"1.50":[172],"5.16)":[174],"reduction":[177],"in":[178,291,309,319,338],"depressive":[179,288,321],"symptom":[180,289,322],"severity":[181,290],"(SMD":[182],"\u22120.90,":[184],"\u22121.27":[187],"\u22120.54)":[189],"among":[190],"patients":[191,292],"depression,":[193,294],"along":[194],"favourable":[197],"profile":[199],"0.88,":[202],"0.52":[205],"1.49).":[207],"However,":[208,324],"therapeutic":[209],"effects":[210],"varied":[211],"across":[212],"modalities.":[213],"Specifically,":[214],"Transcutaneous":[215],"auricular":[216],"vagus":[217],"nerve":[218],"(taVNS)":[220],"ranked":[221,246],"highest":[222,247],"improving":[224,310],"(SUCRA":[229,257],"99.9%;":[231],"OR":[232],"4.12,":[234],"3.08":[237],"5.16),":[239],"whereas":[240],"transcranial":[241],"direct":[242],"current":[243],"(tDCS)":[245],"reducing":[249],"Hamilton":[251],"Rating":[253],"Scale":[254],"(HAMD)":[255],"score":[256],"71.3%;":[259],"SMD":[260],"\u22121.70,":[262],"\u22122.80":[265],"\u22120.60).":[267],"Sensitivity":[268],"confirmed":[270],"these":[274,333],"results.":[275],"Conclusions":[276],"rates":[285],"reduced":[287],"generally":[297],"well":[298],"tolerated.":[299],"Among":[300],"examined,":[303],"taVNS":[304],"demonstrated":[305],"relative":[307,317],"advantage":[308,318],"response,":[312],"while":[313],"tDCS":[314],"alleviating":[320],"severity.":[323],"given":[325],"underpinning":[332],"findings,":[334],"they":[335],"require":[336],"confirmation":[337],"larger,":[339],"higher-quality":[340],"trials.":[343],"Systematic":[344],"Review":[345],"Registration":[346],"[url],":[347],"identifier":[348],"CRD420251103264.":[349]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-05T12:25:35.769452","created_date":"2026-10-28T00:00:00"}