{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7223709178","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckag169.1397","title":"Self-medication practices and medication literacy among adults in Kazakhstan","display_name":"Self-medication practices and medication literacy among adults in Kazakhstan","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7223709178","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckag169.1397"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckag169.1397","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckag169.1397","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckag169.1397","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/eurpub/article-pdf/36/Supplement_5/ckag169.1397/72465436/ckag169.1397.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210220588","display_name":"European Journal of Public Health","issn_l":"1101-1262","issn":["1101-1262","1464-360X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","doyens","fnege-4","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"European Journal of Public Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://academic.oup.com/eurpub/article-pdf/36/Supplement_5/ckag169.1397/72465436/ckag169.1397.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159728783","display_name":"A Khandullayeva","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130920","display_name":"West Kazakhstan Marat Ospanov State Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ehpm154","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210130920"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"A Khandullayeva","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pathological Physiology , West Marat , Aktobe, Kazakhstan","Ospanov Medical University , West Marat , Aktobe, Kazakhstan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pathological Physiology , West Marat , Aktobe, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130920"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ospanov Medical University , West Marat , Aktobe, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130920"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159609153","display_name":"Y Audanbay","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130920","display_name":"West Kazakhstan Marat Ospanov State Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ehpm154","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210130920"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Y Audanbay","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pharmacology, West Kazakhstan Marat Ospanov Medical University , Aktobe,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pharmacology, West Kazakhstan Marat Ospanov Medical University , Aktobe,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130920"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159707135","display_name":"N Ablakimova","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130920","display_name":"West Kazakhstan Marat Ospanov State Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ehpm154","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210130920"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"N Ablakimova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pharmacology, West Kazakhstan Marat Ospanov Medical University , Aktobe,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pharmacology, West Kazakhstan Marat Ospanov Medical University , Aktobe,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130920"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159620973","display_name":"A Zhylkybekova","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130920","display_name":"West Kazakhstan Marat Ospanov State Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ehpm154","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210130920"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A Zhylkybekova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pathological Physiology , West Marat , Aktobe, Kazakhstan","Ospanov Medical University , West Marat , Aktobe, Kazakhstan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pathological Physiology , West Marat , Aktobe, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130920"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ospanov Medical University , West Marat , Aktobe, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130920"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5159728783"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130920"],"apc_list":{"value":2815,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":3181},"apc_paid":{"value":2815,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":3181},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87991266,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"36","issue":"Supplement_5","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13970","display_name":"Pharmacy and Medical Practices","score":0.7422000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3611","display_name":"Pharmacy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13970","display_name":"Pharmacy and Medical Practices","score":0.7422000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3611","display_name":"Pharmacy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10737","display_name":"Health Literacy and Information Accessibility","score":0.09920000284910202,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3600","display_name":"General Health Professions"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11620","display_name":"Medication Adherence and Compliance","score":0.060499999672174454,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2714","display_name":"Family Practice"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-medication","display_name":"self-medication","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medication-literacy","display_name":"medication literacy","score":0.9829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-differences","display_name":"gender differences","score":0.6980000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/age-differences","display_name":"age differences","score":0.949999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kazakhstan","display_name":"Kazakhstan","score":0.3700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychometric-validation","display_name":"psychometric validation","score":0.7519999742507935}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.6868000030517578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C512399662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3505712","display_name":"Family medicine","level":1,"score":0.6219000220298767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781297163","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9252","display_name":"Kazakh","level":2,"score":0.5791000127792358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778843546","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3097973","display_name":"Health literacy","level":3,"score":0.49970000982284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.45320001244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C547764534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8236","display_name":"Literacy","level":2,"score":0.42320001125335693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105776082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q617473","display_name":"Likert scale","level":2,"score":0.3937999904155731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70410870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199906","display_name":"Clinical psychology","level":1,"score":0.33899998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993312423","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medical practice","level":2,"score":0.3019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65067816","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2295139","display_name":"Computer-assisted web interviewing","level":2,"score":0.29260000586509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195910791","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324077","display_name":"Medical record","level":2,"score":0.288100004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49453240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1592163","display_name":"Construct validity","level":3,"score":0.28369998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.2815000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779974597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28448986","display_name":"Clinical Practice","level":2,"score":0.28049999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74909509","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10387","display_name":"Gerontology","level":1,"score":0.27320000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.2703000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.26179999113082886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.2515999972820282}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckag169.1397","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckag169.1397","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckag169.1397","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/eurpub/article-pdf/36/Supplement_5/ckag169.1397/72465436/ckag169.1397.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210220588","display_name":"European Journal of Public Health","issn_l":"1101-1262","issn":["1101-1262","1464-360X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","doyens","fnege-4","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"European Journal of Public Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13699411","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13699411/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13699411/pdf/ckag169.1397.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Eur J Public Health","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckag169.1397","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckag169.1397","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckag169.1397","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/eurpub/article-pdf/36/Supplement_5/ckag169.1397/72465436/ckag169.1397.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210220588","display_name":"European Journal of Public Health","issn_l":"1101-1262","issn":["1101-1262","1464-360X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","doyens","fnege-4","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"European Journal of Public Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":1.0}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7223709178.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7061994489","https://openalex.org/W4417179836","https://openalex.org/W4380519427","https://openalex.org/W3193799376","https://openalex.org/W3121423982","https://openalex.org/W7172032341","https://openalex.org/W4220805554","https://openalex.org/W3043849976","https://openalex.org/W4220951554","https://openalex.org/W2754634787"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Background":[1],"Self-medication":[2],"is":[3,226,299],"a":[4,57,91,128,278,284,300],"widespread":[5],"practice":[6,34,41],"worldwide,":[7],"with":[8,176,206],"prevalence":[9,38],"ranging":[10],"from":[11,113],"43%":[12],"to":[13,23,31,137,217,253],"over":[14],"60%,":[15],"depending":[16],"on":[17,237,287],"country,":[18],"population":[19],"characteristics,":[20],"and":[21,37,70,82,103,125,158,247,304,309],"access":[22],"medications.":[24],"The":[25,64,96],"aim":[26],"of":[27,35,39,244,251,294],"this":[28],"study":[29,97],"was":[30,49,66,99,135,171,204],"assess":[32],"the":[33,248,261],"self-medication":[36,195,208],"risky":[40],"in":[42,54,148,173,194],"Kazakhstan.":[43],"Methods":[44],"A":[45,167],"cross-sectional":[46],"online":[47],"survey":[48],"conducted":[50],"among":[51],"1,000":[52],"adults":[53],"Kazakhstan":[55],"using":[56,90],"self-administered":[58],"Risk":[59],"Self-Medication,":[60],"via":[61],"Google":[62],"Forms.":[63],"questionnaire":[65],"adapted":[67],"into":[68],"Kazakh":[69],"Russian":[71],"languages.":[72],"Psychometric":[73],"validation,":[74],"which":[75],"demonstrated":[76],"excellent":[77],"reliability":[78],"(\u03b1":[79],"=":[80,183,211,221],"0.907)":[81],"acceptable":[83],"construct":[84],"validity.":[85],"All":[86],"items":[87],"were":[88,146,192],"measured":[89],"5-point":[92],"Likert":[93],"scale.":[94],"Results":[95],"sample":[98],"predominantly":[100],"female":[101],"(59.5%)":[102],"highly":[104],"educated":[105],"(62.9%).":[106],"Although":[107],"most":[108],"participants":[109],"(92.1%)":[110],"obtained":[111],"medicines":[112],"pharmacies.":[114],"Nearly":[115],"half":[116],"(46.7%)":[117],"consulted":[118],"family":[119],"or":[120,197],"friends":[121],"before":[122],"medication":[123,141,255,289],"use,":[124],"63%":[126],"visited":[127],"physician":[129,241],"only":[130,144,229],"when":[131,155],"necessary.":[132],"Medical":[133],"literacy":[134],"moderate":[136],"high":[138],"(61.3%":[139],"read":[140],"instructions),":[142],"while":[143,188],"39.9%":[145],"confident":[147],"dose":[149],"calculation.":[150],"52.4%":[151],"reported":[152,160],"discontinuing":[153],"treatment":[154,198,295,307],"symptoms":[156],"improved,":[157],"44.1%":[159],"modifying":[161],"prescribed":[162,245],"regimens":[163],"without":[164],"medical":[165,174,231],"consultation.":[166],"significant":[168],"gender":[169,190],"difference":[170],"found":[172],"literacy,":[175,232],"females":[177],"scoring":[178],"higher":[179,279],"than":[180],"males":[181],"(t":[182],"5.54,":[184],"p":[185,220],"<":[186],"0.001),":[187],"no":[189],"differences":[191],"observed":[193],"behavior":[196,209,225],"interference.":[199],"Older":[200],"age":[201],"(\u226560":[202],"years)":[203],"associated":[205],"lower":[207],"(\u03b2":[210],"-0.35[":[212],"95%":[213],"CI":[214],"\u2212":[215,218],"0.59":[216],"0.09],":[219],"0.007).":[222],"Conclusions":[223],"Medication-related":[224],"influenced":[227],"not":[228],"by":[230,235],"but":[233],"also":[234],"reliance":[236,286],"informal":[238],"advice,":[239],"limited":[240],"consultation,":[242],"modification":[243],"therapy,":[246],"common":[249],"tendency":[250,280],"patients":[252],"discontinue":[254],"prematurely":[256],"after":[257,296],"symptom":[258,297],"improvement,":[259],"underscoring":[260],"need":[262],"for":[263],"targeted":[264],"public":[265],"health":[266,311],"strategies":[267],"beyond":[268],"educational":[269],"measures":[270],"alone.":[271],"Key":[272],"messages":[273],"\u2022":[274,291],"Younger":[275],"individuals":[276],"demonstrate":[277],"toward":[281],"self-medication,":[282],"indicating":[283],"greater":[285],"unsupervised":[288],"use.":[290],"Premature":[292],"discontinuation":[293],"improvement":[298],"frequent":[301],"behavioral":[302],"pattern":[303],"may":[305],"compromise":[306],"effectiveness":[308],"long-term":[310],"outcomes.":[312]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2026-10-27T00:00:00"}
