{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7223709002","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23658974","title":"EARLY MEDICATION DISCOVERY AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY","display_name":"EARLY MEDICATION DISCOVERY AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7223709002","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23658974"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.23658974","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23658974","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23658974","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23658974","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159681842","display_name":"Kumar Susheel","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405258449","display_name":"Sanskriti University, Mathura","ror":"https://ror.org/00nvd7q77","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405258449"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kumar Susheel","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of pharmacy and research centre, Sanskriti University Chhata, Mathura, INDIA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of pharmacy and research centre, Sanskriti University Chhata, Mathura, INDIA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405258449"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016179135","display_name":"Divya Gupta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5179-7687","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5179-7687"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405258449","display_name":"Sanskriti University, Mathura","ror":"https://ror.org/00nvd7q77","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405258449"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gupta Divya","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of pharmacy and research centre, Sanskriti University Chhata, Mathura, INDIA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of pharmacy and research centre, Sanskriti University Chhata, Mathura, INDIA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405258449"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159657958","display_name":"Gupta Deepesh","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405258449","display_name":"Sanskriti University, Mathura","ror":"https://ror.org/00nvd7q77","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405258449"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gupta Deepesh","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of pharmacy and research centre, Sanskriti University Chhata, Mathura, INDIA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of pharmacy and research centre, Sanskriti University Chhata, Mathura, INDIA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405258449"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121577871","display_name":"Harsh Bhardwaj","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405258449","display_name":"Sanskriti University, Mathura","ror":"https://ror.org/00nvd7q77","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405258449"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bhardwaj Harsh","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of pharmacy and research centre, Sanskriti University Chhata, Mathura, INDIA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of pharmacy and research centre, Sanskriti University Chhata, Mathura, INDIA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405258449"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159705076","display_name":"Soniya","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405258449","display_name":"Sanskriti University, Mathura","ror":"https://ror.org/00nvd7q77","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405258449"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Soniya","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of pharmacy and research centre, Sanskriti University Chhata, Mathura, INDIA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of pharmacy and research centre, Sanskriti University Chhata, Mathura, INDIA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405258449"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159699273","display_name":"Ganga","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405258449","display_name":"Sanskriti University, Mathura","ror":"https://ror.org/00nvd7q77","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405258449"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ganga","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of pharmacy and research centre, Sanskriti University Chhata, Mathura, INDIA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of pharmacy and research centre, Sanskriti University Chhata, Mathura, INDIA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405258449"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159730965","display_name":"Yadav Roshani","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405258449","display_name":"Sanskriti University, Mathura","ror":"https://ror.org/00nvd7q77","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405258449"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yadav Roshani","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of pharmacy and research centre, Sanskriti University Chhata, Mathura, INDIA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of pharmacy and research centre, Sanskriti University Chhata, Mathura, INDIA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405258449"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405258449"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78671395,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14275","display_name":"Historical Medical Research and Treatments","score":0.9726999998092651,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2736","display_name":"Pharmacology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14275","display_name":"Historical Medical Research and Treatments","score":0.9726999998092651,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2736","display_name":"Pharmacology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14475","display_name":"History of Science and Medicine","score":0.017000000923871994,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12990","display_name":"Medical History and Innovations","score":0.005200000014156103,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1202","display_name":"History"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history-of-drug-discovery","display_name":"history of drug discovery","score":0.9330000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicinal-chemistry","display_name":"medicinal chemistry","score":0.8550000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-products","display_name":"natural products","score":0.4309999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chloral-hydrate","display_name":"chloral hydrate","score":0.7760000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coal-tar","display_name":"coal tar","score":0.7419999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aniline-derivatives","display_name":"aniline derivatives","score":0.6370000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acetanilide","display_name":"acetanilide","score":0.8299999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phenacetin","display_name":"phenacetin","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/salicylic-acid","display_name":"salicylic acid","score":0.8519999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aspirin","display_name":"aspirin","score":0.9300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/barbiturates","display_name":"barbiturates","score":0.8140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicinal-plants","display_name":"medicinal plants","score":0.4970000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/toxicology","display_name":"toxicology","score":0.9750000238418579}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780220376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q419173","display_name":"Salicin","level":2,"score":0.5227000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777594072","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117247","display_name":"Pharmacopoeia","level":3,"score":0.4745999872684479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C556039675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q771035","display_name":"Traditional medicine","level":1,"score":0.43549999594688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3939000070095062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.3928999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779652045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q507443","display_name":"Pharmaceutical industry","level":2,"score":0.35040000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780777758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418050","display_name":"Sertindole","level":4,"score":0.3465999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133446333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38681","display_name":"Bark (sound)","level":2,"score":0.34290000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993777677","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q507443","display_name":"Drug industry","level":2,"score":0.3086000084877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98274493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128406","display_name":"Pharmacology","level":1,"score":0.2734000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777476671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q421761","display_name":"Acetanilide","level":2,"score":0.271699994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56273599","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3122841","display_name":"White (mutation)","level":3,"score":0.2685000002384186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781140086","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q557945","display_name":"Confusion","level":2,"score":0.26589998602867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018890749","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204711","display_name":"Food and drug administration","level":2,"score":0.2653999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994380890","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11173","display_name":"Chemical constituents","level":2,"score":0.2572000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33070731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7218","display_name":"Toxicology","level":1,"score":0.2549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779356469","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q502918","display_name":"Counterfeit","level":2,"score":0.25040000677108765}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.23658974","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23658974","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23658974","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.23658975","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23658975","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23658975","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.23658974","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23658974","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23658974","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2151128107","https://openalex.org/W200249582","https://openalex.org/W7216865965","https://openalex.org/W2490725371","https://openalex.org/W1549033002","https://openalex.org/W2483235500","https://openalex.org/W2489597917","https://openalex.org/W2038365773","https://openalex.org/W4242976518","https://openalex.org/W2545229705"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Without":[0],"some":[1],"understanding":[2],"of":[3,6,22,30,49,57,100,113,121,138,143,152,166,209,213,221],"the":[4,9,14,18,28,46,50,55,58,61,74,101,119,164,167,183,198,210,216,219,222,226],"history":[5],"drug":[7],"discovery,":[8],"different":[10],"players":[11],"involved,":[12],"and":[13,20,33,42,82,103,107,127,132,140,154,181,225],"circumstances":[15],"leading":[16],"to":[17],"creation":[19],"introduction":[21],"novel":[23],"medicinal":[24],"agents,":[25],"studies":[26],"in":[27,70,80],"fields":[29],"forensic":[31],"pharmacology":[32],"toxicology":[34],"would":[35],"be":[36],"incomplete.":[37],"Herbs,":[38],"plants,":[39],"roots,":[40],"vines,":[41],"fungi":[43],"were":[44,67,98,134,145],"among":[45],"natural":[47],"sources":[48],"first":[51,75,83,125,199,207],"pharmaceuticals.":[52],"Up":[53],"until":[54],"middle":[56],"nineteenth":[59],"century,":[60,224],"only":[62],"remedies":[63],"for":[64],"human":[65],"misery":[66],"those":[68],"found":[69],"nature.":[71],"Chloral":[72],"hydrate,":[73],"synthetic":[76,104],"medication,":[77,201],"was":[78,197],"created":[79],"1869":[81],"used":[84],"as":[85,130,228],"a":[86,150,187],"sedative-hypnotic;":[87],"certain":[88],"nations":[89],"still":[90],"sell":[91],"it":[92,192],"today.":[93],"The":[94,124,206],"early":[95],"pharmaceutical":[96],"firms":[97],"spin-offs":[99],"textile":[102],"dye":[105],"industries,":[106],"they":[108,229],"needed":[109],"another":[110],"rich":[111],"source":[112],"organic":[114],"compounds":[115],"that":[116],"came":[117],"from":[118,163],"distillation":[120],"coal":[122],"(coal-tar).":[123],"analgesics":[126],"antipyretics,":[128],"such":[129],"acetanilide":[131],"phenacetin,":[133],"straightforward":[135,188],"chemical":[136,189],"derivatives":[137],"p-nitrophenol":[139],"aniline,":[141],"both":[142],"which":[144],"coal-tar":[146],"byproducts.":[147],"For":[148],"generations,":[149],"variety":[151],"fevers":[153],"inflammations":[155],"have":[156],"been":[157],"treated":[158],"with":[159],"an":[160],"extract":[161],"made":[162,191],"bark":[165],"white":[168],"willow":[169],"tree.":[170],"White":[171],"willow's":[172],"main":[173],"ingredient,":[174],"salicin":[175],"or":[176,204],"salicylic":[177],"acid,":[178,203],"tasted":[179],"bitter":[180],"irritated":[182],"stomach":[184],"mucosa;":[185],"however,":[186],"change":[190],"far":[193],"more":[194],"pleasant.":[195],"This":[196],"blockbuster":[200],"acetylsalicylic":[202],"Aspirin.":[205],"member":[208],"barbiturate":[211],"family":[212],"medications":[214],"entered":[215],"pharmacopoeia":[217],"at":[218],"beginning":[220],"twentieth":[223],"rest,":[227],"say,":[230],"is":[231],"history.":[232]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-29T09:56:32.521200","created_date":"2026-10-27T00:00:00"}