{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7223707945","doi":"https://doi.org/10.14366/usg.26174","title":"Reconfigurable liquid-based acoustic lens for controlling the focal depth of focused ultrasound","display_name":"Reconfigurable liquid-based acoustic lens for controlling the focal depth of focused ultrasound","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7223707945","doi":"https://doi.org/10.14366/usg.26174","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42958864"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.14366/usg.26174","doi":"https://doi.org/10.14366/usg.26174","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.14366/usg.26174","pdf_url":"https://www.e-ultrasonography.org/upload/usg-26174.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2739348629","display_name":"ULTRASONOGRAPHY","issn_l":"2288-5919","issn":["2288-5919","2288-5943"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","doyens","kci-registered","norway-1","oarl","poland-200","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319408","host_organization_name":"Korean Society of Ultrasound in Medicine","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319408"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Korean Society of Ultrasound in Medicine"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ultrasonography","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://www.e-ultrasonography.org/upload/usg-26174.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159719970","display_name":"Christopher S. Yoo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8281-855X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8281-855X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1283280774","display_name":"Brigham and Women's Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/04b6nzv94","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121934306","https://openalex.org/I1283280774","https://openalex.org/I48633490"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138524","display_name":"Dexcom (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03ra42c27","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210138524"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher S. Yoo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA","Noble and Greenough School, Dedham, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8281-855X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283280774","https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Noble and Greenough School, Dedham, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138524"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5144323656","display_name":"Minju Seol","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6919-2247","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6919-2247"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193775966","display_name":"Yonsei University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wjejq96","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Minju Seol","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mathematics and Computing (Computational Science & Engineering), Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6919-2247","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematics and Computing (Computational Science & Engineering), Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075728108","display_name":"Kyungho Yoon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3553-2491","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3553-2491"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193775966","display_name":"Yonsei University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wjejq96","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kyungho Yoon","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mathematics and Computing (Computational Science & Engineering), Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3553-2491","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematics and Computing (Computational Science & Engineering), Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056219418","display_name":"Daniel K. Freeman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3839-8945","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3839-8945"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122954","display_name":"MIT Lincoln Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/022z6jk58","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122954","https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Daniel K. Freeman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Advanced Technology Division, MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3839-8945","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced Technology Division, MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122954"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5056219418"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122954"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71000666,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"45","issue":"6","first_page":"629","last_page":"636"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10958","display_name":"Ultrasound and Hyperthermia Applications","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10958","display_name":"Ultrasound and Hyperthermia Applications","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10822","display_name":"Acoustic Wave Phenomena Research","score":0.0015999999595806003,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3102","display_name":"Acoustics and Ultrasonics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12015","display_name":"Photoacoustic and Ultrasonic Imaging","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focused-ultrasound","display_name":"focused ultrasound","score":0.8949999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustic-lens","display_name":"acoustic lens","score":0.7429999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tunable-focusing","display_name":"tunable focusing","score":0.7429999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perfluorooctyl-bromide","display_name":"perfluorooctyl bromide","score":0.9369999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deformable-membrane","display_name":"deformable membrane","score":0.7089999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/single-element-transducer","display_name":"single-element transducer","score":0.8330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustic-impedance-matching","display_name":"acoustic impedance matching","score":0.550000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-invasive-treatment","display_name":"non-invasive treatment","score":0.6340000033378601}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15336307","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1766051","display_name":"Lens (geology)","level":2,"score":0.7621999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56318395","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215928","display_name":"Transducer","level":2,"score":0.7148000001907349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82552819","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193540","display_name":"Focal length","level":3,"score":0.6948999762535095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985948822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q564897","display_name":"Focused ultrasound","level":3,"score":0.5842999815940857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195065555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214881","display_name":"Curvature","level":2,"score":0.576200008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.5702000260353088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143753070","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162564","display_name":"Ultrasound","level":2,"score":0.5421000123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.4902999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68115822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068172","display_name":"Sound pressure","level":2,"score":0.47699999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183072630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215932","display_name":"Depth of field","level":2,"score":0.46889999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.45879998803138733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779433544","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1435226","display_name":"Focal point","level":3,"score":0.42809998989105225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98937189","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q975684","display_name":"Acoustic impedance","level":3,"score":0.42669999599456787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20556612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4469374","display_name":"Volume (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.4187999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134786449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3391255","display_name":"Planar","level":2,"score":0.4047999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81288441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20736125","display_name":"Ultrasonic sensor","level":2,"score":0.3993000090122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136229726","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327092","display_name":"Biomedical engineering","level":1,"score":0.3675999939441681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138395690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q376733","display_name":"Cardinal point","level":2,"score":0.35440000891685486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17829176","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179043","display_name":"Electrical impedance","level":2,"score":0.2662000060081482}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.14366/usg.26174","doi":"https://doi.org/10.14366/usg.26174","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.14366/usg.26174","pdf_url":"https://www.e-ultrasonography.org/upload/usg-26174.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2739348629","display_name":"ULTRASONOGRAPHY","issn_l":"2288-5919","issn":["2288-5919","2288-5943"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","doyens","kci-registered","norway-1","oarl","poland-200","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319408","host_organization_name":"Korean Society of Ultrasound in Medicine","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319408"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Korean Society of Ultrasound in Medicine"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ultrasonography","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:42958864","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42958864","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ultrasonography (Seoul, Korea)","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:810596995cb74ef48e083e39c013ab73","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/810596995cb74ef48e083e39c013ab73","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Ultrasonography, Vol 45, Iss 6, Pp 629-636 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.14366/usg.26174","doi":"https://doi.org/10.14366/usg.26174","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.14366/usg.26174","pdf_url":"https://www.e-ultrasonography.org/upload/usg-26174.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2739348629","display_name":"ULTRASONOGRAPHY","issn_l":"2288-5919","issn":["2288-5919","2288-5943"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","doyens","kci-registered","norway-1","oarl","poland-200","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319408","host_organization_name":"Korean Society of Ultrasound in Medicine","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319408"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Korean Society of Ultrasound in Medicine"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ultrasonography","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7223707945.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7223707945.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3112526836","https://openalex.org/W4386198954","https://openalex.org/W1976080196","https://openalex.org/W7118262360","https://openalex.org/W1571147678","https://openalex.org/W1973452856","https://openalex.org/W3138815966","https://openalex.org/W2139951654","https://openalex.org/W3036402377","https://openalex.org/W1990995041"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Focused":[0],"ultrasound":[1,42],"(FUS)":[2],"enables":[3],"noninvasive":[4],"treatment.":[5],"Conventional":[6],"FUS":[7,189],"transducers":[8],"with":[9,18,59,66,120,162,179],"fixed":[10],"geometries":[11],"lack":[12],"depth":[13,149],"control,":[14],"whereas":[15],"dynamic":[16],"focusing":[17,178],"multi-element":[19],"phased":[20],"arrays":[21],"requires":[22],"complex":[23],"electronics":[24],"that":[25,36,141],"limit":[26],"scalability.":[27],"This":[28],"study":[29],"introduces":[30],"a":[31,39,53,63,77,154,180,186],"reconfigurable,":[32,181],"liquid-based":[33,182],"acoustic":[34,68,90,183],"lens":[35,50,87,118,155,184],"attaches":[37],"to":[38,44,76,156],"single-element":[40,188],"planar":[41],"transducer":[43],"provide":[45],"tunable":[46],"focal-depth":[47],"control.":[48],"The":[49],"consisted":[51],"of":[52,123],"deformable":[54],"low-density":[55],"polyethylene":[56],"membrane":[57],"filled":[58],"perfluorooctyl":[60],"bromide":[61],"(PFOB),":[62],"biocompatible":[64],"liquid":[65],"matching":[67],"impedance":[69],"and":[70,73,89,109,127,133,159],"low":[71],"reflectivity,":[72],"was":[74],"coupled":[75],"500-kHz":[78],"transducer.":[79],"Adjusting":[80],"the":[81,86,143,147,170],"internal":[82],"PFOB":[83,144],"volume":[84,145],"changed":[85],"curvature":[88],"wavefront,":[91],"thereby":[92],"controlling":[93],"focal":[94,148,164],"depth.":[95],"Acoustic":[96,137],"pressure":[97,172],"fields":[98],"were":[99],"mapped":[100],"under":[101],"three":[102],"conditions:":[103],"no":[104],"lens,":[105],"2":[106,131],"mL":[107,111,132],"PFOB,":[108],"3":[110,134],"PFOB.":[112],"Cross-sectional":[113],"analysis":[114],"showed":[115,140],"volume-dependent":[116],"plano-convex":[117],"deformation,":[119],"central":[121],"heights":[122],"approximately":[124],"3.6":[125],"mm":[126,129,152,158],"4.7":[128],"at":[130],"mL,":[135],"respectively.":[136],"field":[138],"maps":[139],"increasing":[142],"shortened":[146],"from":[150],"52":[151],"without":[153],"37":[157],"26":[160],"mm,":[161],"improved":[163],"localization.":[165],"Numerical":[166],"simulations":[167],"closely":[168],"reproduced":[169],"experimental":[171],"maps.":[173],"These":[174],"findings":[175],"demonstrate":[176],"controllable":[177],"in":[185],"compact,":[187],"system.":[190]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-02T09:45:03.842371","created_date":"2026-10-27T00:00:00"}
