{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7223693371","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23656255","title":"When a Prompt Becomes Methodology: AI-Assisted Forensics, Expert Discovery, and Operation-Level Provenance","display_name":"When a Prompt Becomes Methodology: AI-Assisted Forensics, Expert Discovery, and Operation-Level Provenance","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7223693371","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23656255"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.23656255","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23656255","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23656255","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23656255","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133322911","display_name":"Narnaiezzsshaa Truong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1964-6440","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1964-6440"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Truong, Narnaiezzsshaa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Soft Armor Labs"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1964-6440","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Soft Armor Labs","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5133322911"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87395479,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12034","display_name":"Digital and Cyber Forensics","score":0.9810000061988831,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12034","display_name":"Digital and Cyber Forensics","score":0.9810000061988831,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13643","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Law","score":0.006099999882280827,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14171","display_name":"Education, Law, and Society","score":0.004699999932199717,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expert-testimony","display_name":"expert testimony","score":0.6079999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/auditability","display_name":"auditability","score":0.8619999885559082}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993101906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23768","display_name":"Las vegas","level":3,"score":0.6154000163078308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199521495","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181487","display_name":"Audit","level":2,"score":0.5971999764442444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.4212999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4154999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58642233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8269924","display_name":"Taxonomy (biology)","level":2,"score":0.384799987077713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84418412","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3246940","display_name":"Digital forensics","level":2,"score":0.38339999318122864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3671000003814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158739034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1907114","display_name":"Metropolitan area","level":2,"score":0.35019999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80958533","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1047174","display_name":"Audit trail","level":3,"score":0.3409000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.33550000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C538833194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q206937","display_name":"Civil procedure","level":2,"score":0.325300008058548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.32420000433921814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780049196","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23582628","display_name":"Provenance","level":2,"score":0.3156000077724457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777735758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q817765","display_name":"Path (computing)","level":2,"score":0.29510000348091125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.29510000348091125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780142257","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1139213","display_name":"Metropolitan police","level":2,"score":0.2921000123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.28929999470710754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105002631","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4833645","display_name":"Subject-matter expert","level":3,"score":0.288100004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.2671000063419342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71043370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4932206","display_name":"Jurisprudence","level":2,"score":0.2606000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58328972","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184609","display_name":"Expert system","level":2,"score":0.25440001487731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.2517000138759613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4554734","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q593744","display_name":"Knowledge base","level":2,"score":0.2502000033855438}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.23656255","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23656255","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23656255","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.23656256","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23656256","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23656256","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.23656255","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23656255","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23656255","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.666700005531311,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7130308077","https://openalex.org/W7203483455","https://openalex.org/W7159968356","https://openalex.org/W7204577054","https://openalex.org/W7172527779","https://openalex.org/W7221030991","https://openalex.org/W7162775326","https://openalex.org/W7123393537","https://openalex.org/W7118077856","https://openalex.org/W7206211605"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"Villanueva":[1],"v.":[2],"Las":[3],"Vegas":[4],"Metropolitan":[5],"Police":[6],"Department,":[7],"a":[8,22,76,98,150],"federal":[9],"district":[10],"court":[11],"in":[12,108],"Nevada":[13],"required":[14],"disclosure":[15],"of":[16,32,101],"AI-generated":[17,66],"case":[18],"summaries":[19],"considered":[20,74],"by":[21,75,105],"testifying":[23,77],"expert":[24],"as":[25],"\u201cfacts":[26],"or":[27],"data\u201d":[28],"under":[29,46],"Federal":[30],"Rule":[31],"Civil":[33],"Procedure":[34],"26(a)(2)(B)(ii),":[35],"while":[36],"protecting":[37],"research":[38,83],"prompts,":[39],"deposition-preparation":[40],"materials,":[41],"and":[42,49,61,85,119,127],"AI-assisted":[43],"draft":[44],"content":[45],"distinct":[47],"work-product":[48],"draft-protection":[50],"rationales.":[51],"The":[52,146],"ruling":[53],"raises":[54],"an":[55,70],"important":[56],"question":[57],"for":[58,122],"digital":[59],"forensics":[60],"incident":[62],"response":[63],"(DFIR):":[64],"when":[65],"materials":[67,88],"produced":[68],"during":[69],"investigation":[71],"are":[72],"later":[73],"expert,":[78],"how":[79],"should":[80],"methodological":[81],"inputs,":[82],"outputs,":[84],"protected":[86],"preparation":[87],"be":[89],"distinguished?":[90],"This":[91],"article":[92],"proposes":[93,120],"AI":[94,106,138],"Operations":[95],"Classification":[96],"(AOC),":[97],"non-exclusive":[99],"taxonomy":[100],"analytical":[102,159],"functions":[103],"performed":[104],"systems":[107],"forensic":[109],"workflows.":[110],"It":[111,130],"separates":[112],"operation":[113],"type":[114],"from":[115,154],"delegated":[116],"execution":[117],"authority":[118],"controls":[121,134],"contemporaneous":[123],"recording,":[124],"proportionate":[125],"verification,":[126],"counsel-managed":[128],"review.":[129],"also":[131],"maps":[132],"those":[133],"to":[135,161],"the":[136],"Substrate-Layer":[137],"Audit":[139],"Methodology":[140],"(SLAM)":[141],"v1.0":[142],"without":[143],"claiming":[144],"conformance.":[145],"objective":[147],"is":[148],"auditability:":[149],"documented,":[151],"reviewable":[152],"path":[153],"source":[155],"artifacts":[156],"through":[157],"material":[158],"operations":[160],"verified":[162],"conclusions.":[163]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-10-27T00:00:00"}