{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7223680486","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2026.105655","title":"Quantitative analysis of small-scale roughness effects in spaceborne GNSS reflectometry informed by L-band microwave radiometry","display_name":"Quantitative analysis of small-scale roughness effects in spaceborne GNSS reflectometry informed by L-band microwave radiometry","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7223680486","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2026.105655"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.jag.2026.105655","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2026.105655","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2026.105655","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210179989","display_name":"International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation","issn_l":"0303-2434","issn":["0303-2434","1569-8432","1872-826X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-2","norway-1","oarl","poland-140","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2026.105655","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056547631","display_name":"Zhongmin Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2686-3149","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2686-3149"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25355098","display_name":"Chang'an University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mxya461","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9617848","display_name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya","ror":"https://ror.org/03mb6wj31","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9617848"]}],"countries":["CN","ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhongmin Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Geological Engineering and Geomatics, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710054, China","CommSensLab \u2013 UPC, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya \u2013 BarcelonaTech, Barcelona, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2686-3149","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Geological Engineering and Geomatics, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710054, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"CommSensLab \u2013 UPC, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya \u2013 BarcelonaTech, Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9617848"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073492252","display_name":"Adriano Camps","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9514-4992","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9514-4992"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201726411","display_name":"United Arab Emirates University","ror":"https://ror.org/01km6p862","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201726411"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092024","display_name":"Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya","ror":"https://ror.org/00k6njn28","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210092024","https://openalex.org/I4387153040"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9617848","display_name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya","ror":"https://ror.org/03mb6wj31","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9617848"]}],"countries":["AE","ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adriano Camps","raw_affiliation_strings":["ASPIRE Visiting International Professor, UAE University, CoE, POBox, 15551 Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates","CommSensLab \u2013 UPC, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya \u2013 BarcelonaTech, Barcelona, Spain","Institut d\u2019Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC) \u2013 CTE-UPC, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9514-4992","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ASPIRE Visiting International Professor, UAE University, CoE, POBox, 15551 Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201726411"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"CommSensLab \u2013 UPC, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya \u2013 BarcelonaTech, Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9617848"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut d\u2019Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC) \u2013 CTE-UPC, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092024","https://openalex.org/I9617848"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069057625","display_name":"Hyuk Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0031-0802","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0031-0802"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092024","display_name":"Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya","ror":"https://ror.org/00k6njn28","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210092024","https://openalex.org/I4387153040"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9617848","display_name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya","ror":"https://ror.org/03mb6wj31","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9617848"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hyuk Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["CommSensLab \u2013 UPC, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya \u2013 BarcelonaTech, Barcelona, Spain","Institut d\u2019Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC) \u2013 CTE-UPC, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0031-0802","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CommSensLab \u2013 UPC, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya \u2013 BarcelonaTech, Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9617848"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut d\u2019Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC) \u2013 CTE-UPC, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092024","https://openalex.org/I9617848"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159722538","display_name":"Shuangcheng Zhang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25355098","display_name":"Chang'an University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mxya461","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuangcheng Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Geological Engineering and Geomatics, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Geological Engineering and Geomatics, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710054, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159663104","display_name":"Qi Liu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110440473","display_name":"Xi'an University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/046fkpt18","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110440473"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qi Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Geomatics, Xi\u2019an University of Science and Technology, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Geomatics, Xi\u2019an University of Science and Technology, Xi\u2019an 710054, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110440473"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137079529","display_name":"Xiaojun Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3831-4852","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3831-4852"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I15057530","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Bordeaux","ror":"https://ror.org/057qpr032","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I15057530"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088668","display_name":"Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement","ror":"https://ror.org/003vg9w96","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210088668"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116558","display_name":"Interaction Sol Plante Atmosph\u00e8re","ror":"https://ror.org/02aswf736","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210088668","https://openalex.org/I4210091158","https://openalex.org/I4210116558"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaojun Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["INRAE, UMR1391 ISPA, Universit\u00e9 de Bordeaux, F-33140 Villenave d\u2019Ornon, France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"INRAE, UMR1391 ISPA, Universit\u00e9 de Bordeaux, F-33140 Villenave d\u2019Ornon, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I15057530","https://openalex.org/I4210088668","https://openalex.org/I4210116558"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043940512","display_name":"Jean\u2010Pierre Wigneron","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5345-3618","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5345-3618"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I15057530","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Bordeaux","ror":"https://ror.org/057qpr032","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I15057530"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088668","display_name":"Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement","ror":"https://ror.org/003vg9w96","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210088668"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116558","display_name":"Interaction Sol Plante Atmosph\u00e8re","ror":"https://ror.org/02aswf736","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210088668","https://openalex.org/I4210091158","https://openalex.org/I4210116558"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jean-Pierre Wigneron","raw_affiliation_strings":["INRAE, UMR1391 ISPA, Universit\u00e9 de Bordeaux, F-33140 Villenave d\u2019Ornon, France"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5345-3618","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"INRAE, UMR1391 ISPA, Universit\u00e9 de Bordeaux, F-33140 Villenave d\u2019Ornon, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I15057530","https://openalex.org/I4210088668","https://openalex.org/I4210116558"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5056547631","https://openalex.org/A5069057625"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25355098","https://openalex.org/I4210092024","https://openalex.org/I9617848"],"apc_list":{"value":3550,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3550},"apc_paid":{"value":3550,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3550},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72343091,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"154","issue":null,"first_page":"105655","last_page":"105655"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":0.7968999743461609,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":0.7968999743461609,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.1454000025987625,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11061","display_name":"Ocean Waves and Remote Sensing","score":0.02019999921321869,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-r","display_name":"GNSS reflectometry","score":0.9549999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/small-scale-roughness","display_name":"small-scale roughness","score":0.7400000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surface-roughness","display_name":"surface roughness","score":0.7300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/l-band-radiometry","display_name":"L-band microwave radiometry","score":0.972000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-remote-sensing","display_name":"satellite remote sensing","score":0.7789999842643738}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.850600004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778925768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454718","display_name":"Reflectometry","level":3,"score":0.8504999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.7389000058174133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87456703","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q247760","display_name":"Radiometry","level":2,"score":0.7174000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95986675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185168","display_name":"Quantitative analysis (chemistry)","level":2,"score":0.5838000178337097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5102999806404114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44838205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127995","display_name":"Microwave","level":2,"score":0.4803999960422516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.4023999869823456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779885931","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17010029","display_name":"Microwave imaging","level":3,"score":0.37439998984336853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30354325","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204667","display_name":"Backscatter (email)","level":3,"score":0.3587999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107365816","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q114817","display_name":"Surface roughness","level":2,"score":0.35839998722076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984588014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q730675","display_name":"Quantitative assessment","level":2,"score":0.3521000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75145180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q772007","display_name":"Georeference","level":2,"score":0.33070001006126404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71039073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3439090","display_name":"Surface finish","level":2,"score":0.3260999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165838908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736777","display_name":"Calibration","level":2,"score":0.32190001010894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96960616","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3814470","display_name":"Microwave radiometer","level":3,"score":0.3100999891757965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.3084999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120189094","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q850281","display_name":"Radiometer","level":2,"score":0.30219998955726624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.2978000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205372480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210521","display_name":"Image resolution","level":2,"score":0.2612000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.25589999556541443}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.jag.2026.105655","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2026.105655","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2026.105655","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210179989","display_name":"International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation","issn_l":"0303-2434","issn":["0303-2434","1569-8432","1872-826X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-2","norway-1","oarl","poland-140","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:7d38ca8f95b24fe4950886981e8cdae8","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/7d38ca8f95b24fe4950886981e8cdae8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Applied Earth Observations and Geoinformation, Vol 154, Iss , Pp 105655- (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.jag.2026.105655","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2026.105655","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2026.105655","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210179989","display_name":"International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation","issn_l":"0303-2434","issn":["0303-2434","1569-8432","1872-826X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-2","norway-1","oarl","poland-140","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321681","display_name":"Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/008nkqk13"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322725","display_name":"China Scholarship Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04atp4p48"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":59,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1968188542","https://openalex.org/W1976042389","https://openalex.org/W2001970213","https://openalex.org/W2003707405","https://openalex.org/W2022907598","https://openalex.org/W2030402058","https://openalex.org/W2064005663","https://openalex.org/W2066247114","https://openalex.org/W2074516465","https://openalex.org/W2096140206","https://openalex.org/W2107474547","https://openalex.org/W2107580583","https://openalex.org/W2114664437","https://openalex.org/W2119581707","https://openalex.org/W2135048240","https://openalex.org/W2144055951","https://openalex.org/W2147241431","https://openalex.org/W2149097226","https://openalex.org/W2151586007","https://openalex.org/W2170605298","https://openalex.org/W2328923540","https://openalex.org/W2340780200","https://openalex.org/W2592532928","https://openalex.org/W2774858148","https://openalex.org/W2792092426","https://openalex.org/W2802220396","https://openalex.org/W2807836695","https://openalex.org/W2886854197","https://openalex.org/W2900605310","https://openalex.org/W2911446993","https://openalex.org/W2937021862","https://openalex.org/W2978496333","https://openalex.org/W2984353343","https://openalex.org/W2987100398","https://openalex.org/W3000930576","https://openalex.org/W3007047448","https://openalex.org/W3008060144","https://openalex.org/W3024756036","https://openalex.org/W3025892469","https://openalex.org/W3037068793","https://openalex.org/W3038536920","https://openalex.org/W3044073623","https://openalex.org/W3048947513","https://openalex.org/W3107173898","https://openalex.org/W3107563704","https://openalex.org/W3116621825","https://openalex.org/W3129912615","https://openalex.org/W3166420679","https://openalex.org/W3214739039","https://openalex.org/W4308982552","https://openalex.org/W4313045023","https://openalex.org/W4317597454","https://openalex.org/W4364377749","https://openalex.org/W4376870264","https://openalex.org/W4399031379","https://openalex.org/W4405426850","https://openalex.org/W4412774285","https://openalex.org/W6929777067","https://openalex.org/W6948472129"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4392599549","https://openalex.org/W7043425147","https://openalex.org/W4323365053","https://openalex.org/W4408627965","https://openalex.org/W2024727138","https://openalex.org/W3170049547","https://openalex.org/W3038536920","https://openalex.org/W2998054551","https://openalex.org/W4408427767","https://openalex.org/W7162781094"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Spaceborne":[0],"Global":[1,92],"Navigation":[2],"Satellite":[3],"System":[4],"Reflectometry":[5],"(GNSS-R)":[6],"has":[7],"shown":[8],"great":[9],"potential":[10,188],"for":[11,59,199,253],"terrestrial":[12,259],"monitoring,":[13],"but":[14],"the":[15,27,106,133,148,222,229,232,242],"compensation":[16,198],"of":[17,135,231,244],"small-scale":[18],"surface":[19,29,66],"roughness":[20,125,130,192,202],"remains":[21],"an":[22],"important":[23],"challenge.":[24],"In":[25,62],"particular,":[26],"root-mean-square":[28],"height":[30],"\u03c3":[31,93,114,150,176],"h":[32,94,115,151,177],",":[33,47],"its":[34],"incidence":[35],"angle":[36],"dependence":[37,134],"represented":[38,84],"by":[39,85,104],"n":[40,45,96,136,179],"in":[41,217,250],"c":[42],"o":[43],"s":[44],"\u03b8":[46],"and":[48,81,95,123,127,139,166,172,178,185,194,201,257],"their":[49],"relationships":[50,182],"with":[51,72,156,169,183,209],"soil":[52,212,254],"moisture":[53,255],"(SM)":[54],"are":[55,70,97],"still":[56],"insufficiently":[57],"characterized":[58],"spaceborne":[60,251],"GNSS-R.":[61],"this":[63],"study,":[64],"CYGNSS":[65,110,204],"reflectivity":[67,76],"(SR)":[68],"observations":[69,220],"combined":[71],"model-simulated":[73],"smooth":[74],"bare-soil":[75],"derived":[77],"from":[78,221],"SMOS":[79],"SM":[80,184,219],"vegetation":[82,138,200],"attenuation":[83],"SMOS-IC":[86,124],"L-band":[87],"Vegetation":[88],"Optical":[89],"Depth":[90],"(L-VOD).":[91],"estimated":[98],"on":[99,137],"a":[100],"25":[101],"km":[102],"grid":[103],"fitting":[105],"model":[107],"predictions":[108],"to":[109,118],"observations.":[111],"The":[112],"retrieved":[113,149,233],"is":[116,142,152],"compared":[117],"multiple":[119],"topographic":[120],"variables,":[121],"SMAP":[122],"parameters,":[126],"Saharan":[128],"aerodynamic":[129],"measurements,":[131],"while":[132],"land":[140],"cover":[141],"also":[143,180],"investigated.":[144],"Results":[145],"show":[146],"that":[147],"more":[153],"strongly":[154],"associated":[155],"terrain":[157],"descriptors":[158],"such":[159],"as":[160],"uniformity,":[161],"Shannon":[162],"index,":[163],"entropy,":[164],"Northness,":[165],"Eastness":[167],"than":[168],"conventional":[170],"elevation-":[171],"slope-based":[173],"variables.":[174],"Both":[175],"exhibit":[181],"vegetation,":[186],"indicating":[187],"coupling":[189],"between":[190],"effective":[191],"characterization":[193],"vegetation-related":[195],"uncertainties.":[196],"After":[197],"effects,":[203],"SR":[205],"shows":[206],"good":[207],"consistency":[208],"simulated":[210],"bare":[211],"SR.":[213],"Additional":[214],"evaluation":[215],"using":[216],"situ":[218],"International":[223],"Soil":[224],"Moisture":[225],"Network":[226],"further":[227],"supports":[228],"effectiveness":[230],"parameters.":[234],"Overall,":[235],"these":[236],"findings":[237],"offer":[238],"valuable":[239],"insights":[240],"into":[241],"use":[243],"physics-based":[245],"empirical":[246],"or":[247],"semi-empirical":[248],"models":[249],"GNSS-R":[252],"retrievals":[256],"other":[258],"applications.":[260]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-10-27T00:00:00"}