{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7223679976","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2026.1908349","title":"Machine learning-based assessment of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in breast cancer histopathology: a systematic review and evidence-gap analysis of translational readiness","display_name":"Machine learning-based assessment of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in breast cancer histopathology: a systematic review and evidence-gap analysis of translational readiness","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7223679976","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2026.1908349"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fonc.2026.1908349","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2026.1908349","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2026.1908349","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/oncology/articles/10.3389/fonc.2026.1908349/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2596394214","display_name":"Frontiers in Oncology","issn_l":"2234-943X","issn":["2234-943X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Oncology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/oncology/articles/10.3389/fonc.2026.1908349/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069572192","display_name":"Gauhar Dunenova","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6233-4984","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6233-4984"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801707353","display_name":"Ahmet Yesevi University","ror":"https://ror.org/01gtvs751","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801707353"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gauhar Dunenova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Khoja Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Khoja Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801707353"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058131084","display_name":"Aidos Sarsembayev","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0866-7320","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0866-7320"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I105208703","display_name":"Almaty Management University","ror":"https://ror.org/00rhgqg04","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I105208703"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801707353","display_name":"Ahmet Yesevi University","ror":"https://ror.org/01gtvs751","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801707353"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aidos Sarsembayev","raw_affiliation_strings":["Khoja Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University","School of Digital Technologies, Almaty Management University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Khoja Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801707353"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Digital Technologies, Almaty Management University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I105208703"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135201670","display_name":"Ainash Oshibayeva","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5655-5465","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5655-5465"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801707353","display_name":"Ahmet Yesevi University","ror":"https://ror.org/01gtvs751","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801707353"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ainash Oshibayeva","raw_affiliation_strings":["Office of the Vice Rector for Science and Strategic Development, Khoja Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Office of the Vice Rector for Science and Strategic Development, Khoja Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801707353"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159582148","display_name":"Saltanat Kyrykbayeva","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801707353","display_name":"Ahmet Yesevi University","ror":"https://ror.org/01gtvs751","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801707353"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saltanat Kyrykbayeva","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Strategic Development, Ranking, and Quality, Khoja Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Strategic Development, Ranking, and Quality, Khoja Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801707353"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069289475","display_name":"Zinat Abdrakhmanova","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6767-1699","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6767-1699","https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7159-2994"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185571130","display_name":"Al-Farabi Kazakh National University","ror":"https://ror.org/03q0vrn42","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185571130"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zinat Abdrakhmanova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Health Research Institute, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Health Research Institute, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185571130"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159737747","display_name":"Balnur Omarova","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801707353","display_name":"Ahmet Yesevi University","ror":"https://ror.org/01gtvs751","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801707353"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Balnur Omarova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Medicine, Khoja Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Medicine, Khoja Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801707353"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058431608","display_name":"Alexandr Ivankov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1885-7494","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1885-7494"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801707353","display_name":"Ahmet Yesevi University","ror":"https://ror.org/01gtvs751","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801707353"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexandr Ivankov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Khoja Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Khoja Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801707353"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003743956","display_name":"Aliya Ye. Ualiyeva","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4776-1988","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4776-1988"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185571130","display_name":"Al-Farabi Kazakh National University","ror":"https://ror.org/03q0vrn42","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185571130"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801707353","display_name":"Ahmet Yesevi University","ror":"https://ror.org/01gtvs751","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801707353"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aliya Ualiyeva","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Evidence-Based Medicine, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University","Khoja Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Evidence-Based Medicine, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185571130"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Khoja Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801707353"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159722006","display_name":"Balzhan Zhakypova","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185571130","display_name":"Al-Farabi Kazakh National University","ror":"https://ror.org/03q0vrn42","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185571130"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Balzhan Zhakypova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Medicine and Health Care, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Care, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185571130"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019380064","display_name":"Zhanar Zhagiparova","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5619-3505","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5619-3505"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801707353","display_name":"Ahmet Yesevi University","ror":"https://ror.org/01gtvs751","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801707353"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhanar Zhagiparova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Postgraduate Faculty of Medicine, Khoja Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Postgraduate Faculty of Medicine, Khoja Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801707353"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134783021","display_name":"Gulnaz Nuskabayeva","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2139-3221","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2139-3221"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801707353","display_name":"Ahmet Yesevi University","ror":"https://ror.org/01gtvs751","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801707353"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gulnaz Nuskabayeva","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Medicine, Khoja Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Medicine, Khoja Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801707353"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011990624","display_name":"Meruyert Suleimenova","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4861-7953","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4861-7953"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185571130","display_name":"Al-Farabi Kazakh National University","ror":"https://ror.org/03q0vrn42","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185571130"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Meruyert Suleimenova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Health Research Institute, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Health Research Institute, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185571130"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136001779","display_name":"Natalya Glushkova","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1400-8436","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1400-8436"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185571130","display_name":"Al-Farabi Kazakh National University","ror":"https://ror.org/03q0vrn42","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185571130"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801707353","display_name":"Ahmet Yesevi University","ror":"https://ror.org/01gtvs751","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801707353"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Natalya Glushkova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Health Research Institute, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University","Khoja Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Health Research Institute, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185571130"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Khoja Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801707353"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"apc_paid":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.6929334,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12422","display_name":"Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10183","display_name":"Breast Cancer Treatment Studies","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1306","display_name":"Cancer Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tumor-infiltrating-lymphocytes","display_name":"tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/breast-cancer","display_name":"breast cancer","score":0.9459999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histopathological-image-analysis","display_name":"histopathology image analysis","score":0.8130000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"deep learning","score":0.6700000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immune-contexture","display_name":"immune contexture","score":0.6150000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prognosis-prediction","display_name":"outcome prediction","score":0.7860000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/treatment-response-prediction","display_name":"treatment response prediction","score":0.8960000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/external-validation","display_name":"external validation","score":0.9139999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-calibration","display_name":"model calibration","score":0.8040000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-curve-analysis","display_name":"decision curve analysis","score":0.7850000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class-imbalance","display_name":"class imbalance","score":0.902999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/translational-readiness","display_name":"translational readiness","score":0.6159999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evidence-gaps","display_name":"evidence gaps","score":0.6520000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reproducibility","display_name":"reproducibility","score":0.6669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clinical-benchmarking","display_name":"clinical benchmarking","score":0.39500001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/annotation-strategies","display_name":"annotation strategies","score":0.35600000619888306}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C530470458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128581","display_name":"Breast cancer","level":3,"score":0.7067999839782715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.6947000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.48410001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143998085","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162555","display_name":"Oncology","level":1,"score":0.47859999537467957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C535046627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30612","display_name":"Clinical trial","level":2,"score":0.40869998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.388700008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121608353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12078","display_name":"Cancer","level":2,"score":0.37720000743865967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19527891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120908","display_name":"Medical physics","level":1,"score":0.37450000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189708586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1504425","display_name":"Systematic review","level":3,"score":0.37220001220703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.3643999993801117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9893847","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1425625","display_name":"Reproducibility","level":2,"score":0.35679998993873596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95190672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815382","display_name":"Meta-analysis","level":2,"score":0.35249999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148220186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7111912","display_name":"Outcome (game theory)","level":2,"score":0.35089999437332153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777466982","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5227287","display_name":"Data extraction","level":3,"score":0.34700000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780472235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q324634","display_name":"Mammography","level":4,"score":0.3310999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128544194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q474859","display_name":"Translational research","level":2,"score":0.33059999346733093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776321320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857525","display_name":"Annotation","level":2,"score":0.30480000376701355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.3012999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778805511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1713","display_name":"Citation","level":2,"score":0.3003000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.29840001463890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160798450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4230870","display_name":"Concordance","level":2,"score":0.2976999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146357865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1123245","display_name":"Stage (stratigraphy)","level":2,"score":0.29420000314712524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60644358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128570","display_name":"Bioinformatics","level":1,"score":0.2833000123500824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148482608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17007018","display_name":"Clinical study design","level":3,"score":0.2822999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45804977","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239673","display_name":"Predictive modelling","level":2,"score":0.2734000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.2728999853134155}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fonc.2026.1908349","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2026.1908349","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2026.1908349","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/oncology/articles/10.3389/fonc.2026.1908349/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2596394214","display_name":"Frontiers in Oncology","issn_l":"2234-943X","issn":["2234-943X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Oncology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:135632f4f46c40dfa33bc844c38bd97b","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/135632f4f46c40dfa33bc844c38bd97b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Oncology, Vol 16 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fonc.2026.1908349","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2026.1908349","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2026.1908349","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/oncology/articles/10.3389/fonc.2026.1908349/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2596394214","display_name":"Frontiers in Oncology","issn_l":"2234-943X","issn":["2234-943X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Oncology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.98580002784729,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/systematic-review","display_name":"Systematic Review"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322726","display_name":"Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan","ror":"https://ror.org/03pj6ge82"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7223679976.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7223679976.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":93,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2042437331","https://openalex.org/W2045030989","https://openalex.org/W2057186227","https://openalex.org/W2075894019","https://openalex.org/W2096910745","https://openalex.org/W2120431466","https://openalex.org/W2150461375","https://openalex.org/W2159551006","https://openalex.org/W2168064072","https://openalex.org/W2279691757","https://openalex.org/W2468483329","https://openalex.org/W2515717359","https://openalex.org/W2592144107","https://openalex.org/W2615533737","https://openalex.org/W2904422658","https://openalex.org/W2907638671","https://openalex.org/W2921500370","https://openalex.org/W2959185538","https://openalex.org/W2969278648","https://openalex.org/W2971013993","https://openalex.org/W2990786325","https://openalex.org/W2995182929","https://openalex.org/W2996480032","https://openalex.org/W3016045558","https://openalex.org/W3030889987","https://openalex.org/W3036500925","https://openalex.org/W3083804794","https://openalex.org/W3089064400","https://openalex.org/W3110843501","https://openalex.org/W3115379504","https://openalex.org/W3118615836","https://openalex.org/W3132682314","https://openalex.org/W3135068374","https://openalex.org/W3155775787","https://openalex.org/W3162334759","https://openalex.org/W3165323430","https://openalex.org/W3176612188","https://openalex.org/W3180959755","https://openalex.org/W3183916035","https://openalex.org/W3186317940","https://openalex.org/W3187048440","https://openalex.org/W3194730353","https://openalex.org/W3199880605","https://openalex.org/W3211240094","https://openalex.org/W3214960410","https://openalex.org/W4205480931","https://openalex.org/W4225009193","https://openalex.org/W4225163195","https://openalex.org/W4225746601","https://openalex.org/W4280488363","https://openalex.org/W4281730407","https://openalex.org/W4306825447","https://openalex.org/W4309700511","https://openalex.org/W4318263159","https://openalex.org/W4318586528","https://openalex.org/W4323654586","https://openalex.org/W4383557913","https://openalex.org/W4384525632","https://openalex.org/W4386084036","https://openalex.org/W4386288724","https://openalex.org/W4387220544","https://openalex.org/W4388248755","https://openalex.org/W4388630880","https://openalex.org/W4390347463","https://openalex.org/W4390617484","https://openalex.org/W4390971849","https://openalex.org/W4392947521","https://openalex.org/W4392947532","https://openalex.org/W4393317971","https://openalex.org/W4394857110","https://openalex.org/W4395689559","https://openalex.org/W4398201291","https://openalex.org/W4399106088","https://openalex.org/W4399125735","https://openalex.org/W4399871136","https://openalex.org/W4400134980","https://openalex.org/W4401007309","https://openalex.org/W4402992011","https://openalex.org/W4404042434","https://openalex.org/W4404404936","https://openalex.org/W4408806526","https://openalex.org/W4409521084","https://openalex.org/W4410373596","https://openalex.org/W4414183234","https://openalex.org/W4414900092","https://openalex.org/W4417088738","https://openalex.org/W4417207596","https://openalex.org/W7116971969","https://openalex.org/W7126234313","https://openalex.org/W7154564926","https://openalex.org/W7161014110","https://openalex.org/W7161108475","https://openalex.org/W7161253672"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4386084036","https://openalex.org/W4402992011","https://openalex.org/W7201981581","https://openalex.org/W3025630280","https://openalex.org/W4406840959","https://openalex.org/W4384525632","https://openalex.org/W7204649924","https://openalex.org/W4408110518","https://openalex.org/W7213316536","https://openalex.org/W4417207596"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background":[0],"Machine":[1],"learning-based":[2],"assessment":[3],"of":[4,18,54,73,76,100,168,206,210,215,275],"tumor-infiltrating":[5],"lymphocytes":[6],"(TILs)":[7],"has":[8],"been":[9],"proposed":[10],"to":[11,49,64,86,229,257],"improve":[12],"the":[13,51,101,224],"reproducibility":[14],"and":[15,39,45,63,80,95,139,164,172,178,195,213,231,244,314,324],"clinical":[16,40,155],"utility":[17],"immune-contexture":[19],"evaluation":[20],"in":[21,30,59,170,204,238,245,272,291],"breast":[22,60,110,292],"cancer":[23,61,111,293],"histopathology.":[24],"However,":[25,234],"existing":[26],"studies":[27,58,108,122,276,301],"differ":[28],"substantially":[29],"task":[31],"definition,":[32],"annotation":[33,151],"strategy,":[34,152],"model":[35,149,305],"architecture,":[36],"validation":[37,153,201],"design,":[38,154],"endpoint.":[41],"This":[42],"systematic":[43,71],"review":[44,328],"evidence-gap":[46],"analysis":[47,253],"aimed":[48],"map":[50,185],"translational":[52],"readiness":[53],"TIL-related":[55,126],"machine":[56,113,289],"learning":[57,290],"histopathology":[62],"identify":[65],"cluster-specific":[66,318],"methodological":[67,165],"gaps.":[68],"Methods":[69],"A":[70],"search":[72,99],"PubMed,":[74],"Web":[75],"Science,":[77],"Scopus,":[78],"ScienceDirect,":[79],"Google":[81,98],"Scholar":[82],"was":[83,176,202,236,254,263,270],"conducted":[84],"up":[85],"20":[87],"April":[88],"2026,":[89],"supplemented":[90],"by":[91,132],"backward":[92],"citation":[93],"tracing":[94],"a":[96,273],"targeted":[97],"30":[102],"most":[103],"relevant":[104],"additional":[105],"results.":[106],"Eligible":[107],"included":[109,144,186],"histopathology-based":[112],"learning,":[114,116],"deep":[115],"artificial":[117],"intelligence,":[118],"or":[119,125,248,280],"computational":[120],"image-analysis":[121],"evaluating":[123],"TILs":[124],"immune-cell":[127],"features.":[128],"Studies":[129],"were":[130],"grouped":[131],"principal":[133],"application":[134],"into":[135],"detection/classification,":[136,191],"outcome":[137,193],"prognostication,":[138,194,323],"treatment-response":[140,197,216,249,325],"prediction.":[141,326],"Extracted":[142],"variables":[143],"data":[145],"source,":[146],"specimen":[147],"type,":[148],"family,":[150],"comparator":[156,220],"use,":[157],"calibration,":[158],"decision-curve":[159],"analysis,":[160],"incremental":[161],"value,":[162],"reproducibility,":[163],"challenges.":[166],"Because":[167],"heterogeneity":[169],"endpoints":[171],"performance":[173],"metrics,":[174],"synthesis":[175],"descriptive":[177],"evidence-map":[179],"based.":[180],"Results":[181],"The":[182],"primary":[183],"evidence":[184],"51":[187],"histopathology-image":[188],"studies:":[189],"19":[190],"18":[192],"14":[196],"prediction":[198,217,250],"studies.":[199,218,251],"External":[200],"reported":[203,237,285],"31.6%":[205],"detection/classification":[207,247],"studies,":[208,212],"61.1%":[209],"prognostication":[211,241,259],"57.1%":[214],"Clinical":[219],"reporting":[221],"increased":[222],"across":[223,266],"same":[225],"continuum,":[226],"from":[227],"63.2%":[228],"94.4%":[230],"92.9%,":[232],"respectively.":[233],"calibration":[235],"only":[239],"one":[240,258],"study":[242],"(5.6%)":[243],"no":[246],"Decision-curve":[252],"similarly":[255],"limited":[256],"study.":[260],"Class":[261],"imbalance":[262],"near-universal":[264],"(94.7\u2013100%":[265],"clusters).":[267],"Scanner/stain":[268],"robustness":[269],"addressed":[271],"majority":[274],"(63.2\u201383.3%),":[277],"but":[278,297],"fairness":[279],"subgroup":[281],"analyses":[282],"remained":[283],"inconsistently":[284],"(27.8\u201357.1%).":[286],"Conclusions":[287],"TIL":[288],"is":[294],"technically":[295],"active":[296],"clinically":[298,311],"under-validated.":[299],"Future":[300],"should":[302],"move":[303],"beyond":[304],"development":[306],"toward":[307],"externally":[308],"validated,":[309],"calibrated,":[310],"benchmarked,":[312],"reproducible,":[313],"decision-relevant":[315],"evidence,":[316],"using":[317],"planning":[319],"standards":[320],"for":[321],"detection,":[322],"Systematic":[327],"registration":[329],"https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD42024574566":[330],",":[331],"identifier":[332],"CRD42024574566.":[333]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-29T09:56:32.521200","created_date":"2026-10-27T00:00:00"}
