{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7223678835","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64388/irev10i4-1724277","title":"Language, Power and Religious Freedom: A Critical Discourse Analysis of CPC-Related Reports on Nigeria","display_name":"Language, Power and Religious Freedom: A Critical Discourse Analysis of CPC-Related Reports on Nigeria","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7223678835","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64388/irev10i4-1724277"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.64388/irev10i4-1724277","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64388/irev10i4-1724277","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64388/irev10i4-1724277","pdf_url":"https://www.irejournals.com/formatedpaper/1724277.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407000720","display_name":"Iconic Research and Engineering Journals","issn_l":"2456-8880","issn":["2456-8880"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Iconic Research and Engineering Journals","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://www.irejournals.com/formatedpaper/1724277.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137330788","display_name":"Cynthia Adaeze Onuegwunwoke. Ph.D.","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cynthia Adaeze Onuegwunwoke","raw_affiliation_strings":["Federal University of Education"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Federal University of Education","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137370741","display_name":"Amadi, Gloria Ukamaka, PhD.","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gloria Ukamaka Amadi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159689396","display_name":"Kevin Onyewuchi Ugorji","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405254148","display_name":"Alvan Ikoku Federal University of Education, Owerri","ror":"https://ror.org/01frpmv27","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405254148"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kevin Onyewuchi Ugorji","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of English Language and Literature , Faculty of Arts , Alvan Ikoku Federal University of Education , Owerri , Imo State , Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of English Language and Literature , Faculty of Arts , Alvan Ikoku Federal University of Education , Owerri , Imo State , Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405254148"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004589633","display_name":"Eugene Chukwuemeka Onuoha","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eugene Chukwuemeka Onuoha","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89034473,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"4","first_page":"3411","last_page":"3428"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13947","display_name":"Media Discourse and Social  Analysis","score":0.5990999937057495,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13947","display_name":"Media Discourse and Social  Analysis","score":0.5990999937057495,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13814","display_name":"Cultural and political discourse analysis","score":0.31049999594688416,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3310","display_name":"Linguistics and Language"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10366","display_name":"Discourse Analysis in Language Studies","score":0.05950000137090683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1208","display_name":"Literature and Literary Theory"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/religious-freedom","display_name":"religious freedom","score":0.7269999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nigeria","display_name":"Nigeria","score":0.6499999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/religious-persecution","display_name":"religious persecution","score":0.527999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-state-armed-groups","display_name":"non-state armed groups","score":0.6230000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/naming-practices","display_name":"naming practices","score":0.4959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agency-attribution","display_name":"agency attribution","score":0.7250000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transitivity","display_name":"transitivity","score":0.5009999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/international-representation","display_name":"international representation","score":0.5550000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diplomatic-language","display_name":"diplomatic discourse","score":0.49399998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-and-power","display_name":"language and power","score":0.460999995470047}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779030433","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1789511","display_name":"Critical discourse analysis","level":4,"score":0.7670999765396118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.6697999835014343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108170787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3951828","display_name":"Agency (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.6665999889373779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84389358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1129466","display_name":"Discourse analysis","level":2,"score":0.6340000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191399111","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q64861","display_name":"Transitive relation","level":2,"score":0.6141999959945679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.602400004863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776034101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1509347","display_name":"Commission","level":2,"score":0.5795999765396118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.5202999711036682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.5},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.4693000018596649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3991999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777595002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5393518","display_name":"Power structure","level":3,"score":0.3467999994754791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107993555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662673","display_name":"Gender studies","level":1,"score":0.31679999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39896193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380344","display_name":"Descriptive statistics","level":2,"score":0.31470000743865967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34355311","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166542","display_name":"International relations","level":3,"score":0.30469998717308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162446236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q653137","display_name":"Content analysis","level":2,"score":0.29420000314712524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190248442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q839486","display_name":"Qualitative research","level":2,"score":0.29260000586509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199033989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1318295","display_name":"Narrative","level":2,"score":0.28769999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779626591","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q536936","display_name":"Symbolic power","level":3,"score":0.28200000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142546437","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2661195","display_name":"Descriptive research","level":2,"score":0.2777999937534332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020782553","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8880","display_name":"European commission","level":3,"score":0.27129998803138733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99747519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5124653","display_name":"Civil discourse","level":3,"score":0.2563999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7955714","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12056630","display_name":"Structure and agency","level":2,"score":0.2513999938964844}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.64388/irev10i4-1724277","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64388/irev10i4-1724277","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64388/irev10i4-1724277","pdf_url":"https://www.irejournals.com/formatedpaper/1724277.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407000720","display_name":"Iconic Research and Engineering Journals","issn_l":"2456-8880","issn":["2456-8880"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Iconic Research and Engineering Journals","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.64388/irev10i4-1724277","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64388/irev10i4-1724277","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64388/irev10i4-1724277","pdf_url":"https://www.irejournals.com/formatedpaper/1724277.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407000720","display_name":"Iconic Research and Engineering Journals","issn_l":"2456-8880","issn":["2456-8880"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Iconic Research and Engineering Journals","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8999999761581421,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7223678835.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7223678835.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":3,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2053547930","https://openalex.org/W2194289189","https://openalex.org/W2343191931"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7214104758","https://openalex.org/W7117151317","https://openalex.org/W7165615133","https://openalex.org/W7165386122","https://openalex.org/W4393141952","https://openalex.org/W4366769166","https://openalex.org/W4232163249","https://openalex.org/W4313644399","https://openalex.org/W3185694469","https://openalex.org/W7202203119"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1,47,185],"examined":[2],"how":[3],"language":[4],"constructs":[5],"Nigeria\u2019s":[6,198],"image":[7],"in":[8,112],"Country":[9],"of":[10,52,86,117,135,178],"Particular":[11],"Concern":[12],"(CPC)":[13],"and":[14,21,31,41,62,89,103,120,123,181,201],"related":[15],"religious-freedom":[16],"reports":[17],"issued":[18],"between":[19],"2019":[20],"2025.":[22],"It":[23],"investigated":[24],"the":[25,75,83,138],"lexical":[26,100,113],"choices,":[27],"modality,":[28],"naming":[29,122],"practices,":[30],"transitivity":[32,66],"patterns":[33],"through":[34,144],"which":[35],"Nigeria,":[36],"its":[37],"government,":[38],"religious":[39,180],"communities,":[40],"non-state":[42],"actors":[43,154],"were":[44,129],"represented.":[45],"The":[46,107,166,184],"adopted":[48],"Fairclough\u2019s":[49],"three-dimensional":[50],"model":[51],"Critical":[53],"Discourse":[54],"Analysis,":[55],"complemented":[56],"by":[57,64,98],"van":[58],"Dijk\u2019s":[59],"socio-cognitive":[60],"approach":[61],"informed":[63],"Hallidayan":[65],"analysis.":[67,106],"Data":[68],"comprised":[69],"nine":[70],"purposively":[71],"selected":[72,90],"documents":[73],"from":[74],"United":[76],"States":[77],"Commission":[78],"on":[79],"International":[80],"Religious":[81],"Freedom,":[82],"U.S.":[84],"Department":[85],"State,":[87],"Congress,":[88],"advocacy":[91],"organisations.":[92],"Qualitative":[93],"textual":[94],"analysis":[95],"was":[96,141],"supported":[97],"descriptive":[99],"frequency":[101],"counts":[102],"illustrative":[104],"clause-level":[105],"findings":[108],"revealed":[109],"register-based":[110],"differences":[111],"intensity,":[114],"uneven":[115],"deployment":[116],"epistemic":[118],"hedging,":[119],"asymmetrical":[121],"agency":[124],"attribution.":[125],"Non-state":[126],"armed":[127],"groups":[128],"identified":[130],"more":[131],"specifically":[132],"as":[133,163],"perpetrators":[134],"violence,":[136],"whereas":[137],"Nigerian":[139],"state":[140],"frequently":[142],"represented":[143],"broad":[145],"institutional":[146],"labels":[147],"associated":[148],"with":[149,195],"responsibility":[150],"or":[151],"toleration.":[152],"Institutional":[153],"also":[155],"dominated":[156],"evaluative":[157],"discourse,":[158],"while":[159],"victims":[160],"appeared":[161],"predominantly":[162],"affected":[164],"participants.":[165],"wider":[167],"reporting":[168,189],"discourse":[169],"foregrounded":[170],"religious-persecution":[171],"narratives,":[172],"particularly":[173],"Christian":[174],"victimisation,":[175],"despite":[176],"evidence":[177],"broader":[179],"security":[182],"complexities.":[183],"concludes":[186],"that":[187],"CPC":[188],"reflects":[190],"unequal":[191],"discursive":[192],"power":[193],"relations":[194],"implications":[196],"for":[197],"international":[199],"representation":[200],"diplomatic":[202],"engagement.":[203]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-10-27T00:00:00"}