{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7223673579","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2610.31713","title":"Omni-UBench: Benchmarking Omni-Modal LLM-based Guardrails Across Safety, Utility, and Reliability","display_name":"Omni-UBench: Benchmarking Omni-Modal LLM-based Guardrails Across Safety, Utility, and Reliability","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7223673579","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2610.31713"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2610.31713","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.31713","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2610.31713","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2610.31713","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159729884","display_name":"Junhao Wang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wang, Junhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Blockchain and Data Security , Zhejiang University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Blockchain and Data Security , Zhejiang University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5158695894","display_name":"Yidou Chen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45928872","display_name":"Alibaba Group (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00k642b80","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45928872"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen, Yidou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Alibaba Group","State Key Laboratory of Blockchain and Data Security , Zhejiang University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alibaba Group","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45928872"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Blockchain and Data Security , Zhejiang University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159691504","display_name":"Li Lu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lu, Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Blockchain and Data Security , Zhejiang University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Blockchain and Data Security , Zhejiang University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159622936","display_name":"Hongwei Yao","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yao, Hongwei","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Blockchain and Data Security , Zhejiang University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Blockchain and Data Security , Zhejiang University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159590390","display_name":"Xiaodan Li","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45928872","display_name":"Alibaba Group (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00k642b80","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45928872"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li, Xiaodan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Alibaba Group"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alibaba Group","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45928872"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5145064065","display_name":"Mengjie Wu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45928872","display_name":"Alibaba Group (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00k642b80","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45928872"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wu, Mengjie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Alibaba Group"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alibaba Group","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45928872"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159732902","display_name":"Yuefeng Chen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45928872","display_name":"Alibaba Group (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00k642b80","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45928872"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen, Yuefeng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Alibaba Group","State Key Laboratory of Blockchain and Data Security , Zhejiang University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alibaba Group","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45928872"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Blockchain and Data Security , Zhejiang University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100564870","display_name":"Zhan Qin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7872-6969","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7872-6969"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qin, Zhan","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Blockchain and Data Security , Zhejiang University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Blockchain and Data Security , Zhejiang University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159685920","display_name":"Kui Ren","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ren, Kui","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Blockchain and Data Security , Zhejiang University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Blockchain and Data Security , Zhejiang University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.7807999849319458,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.7807999849319458,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.19089999794960022,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.011099999770522118,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/guardrails","display_name":"guardrails","score":0.574999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/safety-benchmarking","display_name":"safety benchmarking","score":0.6460000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jailbreaking","display_name":"jailbreaking","score":0.6169999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/content-moderation","display_name":"content moderation","score":0.8569999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-taxonomy","display_name":"risk taxonomy","score":0.38999998569488525}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86251818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816754","display_name":"Benchmarking","level":2,"score":0.7559999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7163000106811523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.6664000153541565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.5871000289916992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153701036","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q659974","display_name":"Trustworthiness","level":2,"score":0.48559999465942383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4805999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.3817000091075897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.3677000105381012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.35530000925064087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.34060001373291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779903281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888026","display_name":"Modalities","level":2,"score":0.33009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87833898","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1060280","display_name":"Advanced driver assistance systems","level":2,"score":0.3260999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.2985999882221222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197947376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5155608","display_name":"Comparability","level":2,"score":0.27140000462532043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.2709999978542328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64869954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1859747","display_name":"False positive paradox","level":2,"score":0.26669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61272859","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7834031","display_name":"Transferability","level":3,"score":0.26089999079704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.25679999589920044}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2610.31713","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.31713","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2610.31713","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2610.31713","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2610.31713","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2610.31713","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2610.31713","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.31713","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2610.31713","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7223673579.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7223673579.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4385374425","https://openalex.org/W4389713766","https://openalex.org/W4401306886","https://openalex.org/W4404261856","https://openalex.org/W4404330874","https://openalex.org/W4404569710","https://openalex.org/W4406489046","https://openalex.org/W4409051416","https://openalex.org/W4409361147","https://openalex.org/W4415085804","https://openalex.org/W4415255153","https://openalex.org/W4417004297","https://openalex.org/W6891865161","https://openalex.org/W6948369276","https://openalex.org/W7092296780","https://openalex.org/W7127575289"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4417004297","https://openalex.org/W7163650192","https://openalex.org/W7128726755","https://openalex.org/W6891865161","https://openalex.org/W4416716606","https://openalex.org/W7117301373","https://openalex.org/W4403577723","https://openalex.org/W7111200874","https://openalex.org/W7213926419","https://openalex.org/W7077674851"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Advances":[0],"in":[1,200],"Omni-modal":[2],"Large":[3],"Language":[4],"Models":[5],"(OLLMs)":[6],"have":[7,42],"enabled":[8],"increasingly":[9],"seamless":[10],"human-AI":[11],"interaction,":[12],"but":[13],"their":[14,55,113],"unified":[15,122],"processing":[16],"of":[17,66,185],"heterogeneous":[18,105],"modalities":[19],"also":[20],"expands":[21],"the":[22,64,77],"attack":[23],"surface,":[24],"allowing":[25],"adversaries":[26],"to":[27,32,45,63,157,178],"exploit":[28],"richer":[29],"input":[30],"compositions":[31],"circumvent":[33],"safety":[34,83,118,174,187],"alignment.":[35],"To":[36],"counter":[37],"such":[38],"risks,":[39],"omni-modal":[40,82,133,198],"guardrails":[41,134,154,199],"been":[43],"proposed":[44],"detect":[46],"and":[47,57,95,112,132,176],"filter":[48],"unsafe":[49],"queries":[50,160],"across":[51],"arbitrary":[52],"modalities.":[53],"However,":[54],"capabilities":[56],"limitations":[58],"remain":[59],"insufficiently":[60],"understood":[61],"due":[62],"absence":[65],"a":[67,121,182],"comprehensive":[68,79],"evaluation":[69],"benchmark.":[70],"In":[71],"this":[72],"paper,":[73],"we":[74],"present":[75],"Omni-UBench,":[76],"first":[78],"framework":[80],"for":[81,194],"assessment,":[84],"evaluating":[85],"guardrail":[86],"models":[87],"along":[88],"three":[89],"critical":[90],"dimensions,":[91],"i.e.,":[92],"safety,":[93],"utility,":[94],"reliability.":[96],"Omni-UBench":[97,127],"curates":[98],"over":[99],"183k":[100],"samples":[101],"drawn":[102],"from":[103],"35+":[104],"sources":[106],"spanning":[107],"text,":[108],"image,":[109],"audio,":[110],"video,":[111],"cross-modal":[114,159,186],"combinations,":[115],"annotated":[116],"with":[117],"labels":[119],"under":[120,126],"risk":[123],"taxonomy.":[124],"Benchmarking":[125],"on":[128],"15":[129],"representative":[130],"OLLMs":[131,142],"yields":[135],"several":[136],"key":[137],"findings,":[138],"including:":[139],"(1)":[140],"modern":[141],"exhibit":[143,172],"strong":[144],"content":[145],"moderation":[146],"potential":[147],"even":[148],"without":[149],"guardrail-specific":[150],"tuning;":[151],"(2)":[152],"existing":[153],"still":[155],"struggle":[156],"identify":[158],"that":[161],"conceal":[162],"harmful":[163],"intent":[164],"or":[165],"involve":[166],"sophisticated":[167],"jailbreaks;":[168],"(3)":[169],"they":[170],"further":[171],"substantial":[173],"hallucination":[175],"over-sensitivity":[177],"textual":[179],"patterns,":[180],"revealing":[181],"deficient":[183],"understanding":[184],"semantics.":[188],"Our":[189],"findings":[190],"provide":[191],"valuable":[192],"insights":[193],"developing":[195],"more":[196],"trustworthy":[197],"future":[201],"research.":[202]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2026-10-27T00:00:00"}