{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7223672836","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2026.3746853","title":"Early Versus Late Fusion of Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 for GEDI-Supervised Above-Ground Biomass Regression","display_name":"Early Versus Late Fusion of Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 for GEDI-Supervised Above-Ground Biomass Regression","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7223672836","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2026.3746853"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lgrs.2026.3746853","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2026.3746853","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2026.3746853","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126920919","display_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","issn_l":"1545-598X","issn":["1545-598X","1558-0571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","ccf-c","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2026.3746853","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159577762","display_name":"Chavosh Almassian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7973-777X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7973-777X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102335020","display_name":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04t3en479","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102335020","https://openalex.org/I1305996414"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chavosh Almassian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7973-777X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102335020"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113485156","display_name":"Keyvan Yahya","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2610724","display_name":"Chemnitz University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00a208s56","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2610724"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Keyvan Yahya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chemnitz University of Technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chemnitz University of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2610724"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159714875","display_name":"Farhad Baybordi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Farhad Baybordi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hahnair"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hahnair","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2645,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2645},"apc_paid":{"value":2645,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2645},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":null,"first_page":"2508305","last_page":"2508305"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9639000296592712,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1107","display_name":"Forestry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9639000296592712,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1107","display_name":"Forestry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10801","display_name":"Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Applications and Techniques","score":0.009499999694526196,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.009100000374019146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aboveground-biomass","display_name":"aboveground biomass","score":0.8989999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sentinel-1","display_name":"Sentinel-1","score":0.6169999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sentinel-2","display_name":"Sentinel-2","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sar-optical-data-fusion","display_name":"SAR-optical data fusion","score":0.7429999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/early-fusion","display_name":"feature-level fusion","score":0.9440000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-level-fusion","display_name":"decision fusion","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supervised-regression","display_name":"supervised regression","score":0.7870000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-range-compression","display_name":"dynamic range compression","score":0.6269999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree-cover","display_name":"tree cover","score":0.5199999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/galicia","display_name":"Galicia","score":0.6769999861717224}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115540264","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2945560","display_name":"Biomass (ecology)","level":2,"score":0.5616000294685364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158525013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2593739","display_name":"Fusion","level":2,"score":0.4494999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.4343000054359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83546350","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1139051","display_name":"Regression","level":2,"score":0.3894999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152877465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208042","display_name":"Regression analysis","level":2,"score":0.38019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33954974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486494","display_name":"Sensor fusion","level":2,"score":0.32760000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.31029999256134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48921125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10861030","display_name":"Linear regression","level":2,"score":0.27970001101493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.2434999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2410999983549118}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lgrs.2026.3746853","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2026.3746853","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2026.3746853","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126920919","display_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","issn_l":"1545-598X","issn":["1545-598X","1558-0571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","ccf-c","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lgrs.2026.3746853","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2026.3746853","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2026.3746853","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126920919","display_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","issn_l":"1545-598X","issn":["1545-598X","1558-0571"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","ccf-c","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action","score":0.5351999998092651}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1984670836","https://openalex.org/W2056435747","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2560136348","https://openalex.org/W2584181319","https://openalex.org/W2804933989","https://openalex.org/W4289687884","https://openalex.org/W4387141420","https://openalex.org/W4412152631","https://openalex.org/W4412366656","https://openalex.org/W7124695098"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391916641","https://openalex.org/W3040618149","https://openalex.org/W7223124613","https://openalex.org/W3006466797","https://openalex.org/W4309768495","https://openalex.org/W3022741659","https://openalex.org/W6991272665","https://openalex.org/W7204249477","https://openalex.org/W3014655204","https://openalex.org/W7206161756"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Combining":[0],"Sentinel-1":[1],"synthetic":[2],"aperture":[3],"radar":[4],"(SAR)":[5],"with":[6,48],"Sentinel-2":[7],"optical":[8,143],"imagery":[9],"is":[10,28,136,151,161,197],"a":[11,32,60,89],"common":[12],"strategy":[13,86],"for":[14,54],"mapping":[15],"above-ground":[16],"biomass":[17,182],"(AGB),":[18],"yet":[19],"the":[20,84,96,115,119,123,133,159,172,176,186,209],"question":[21],"ofhowthe":[22],"two":[23,38],"sensors":[24],"should":[25],"be":[26],"fused":[27],"seldom":[29],"evaluated":[30],"in":[31,63,138],"controlled":[33],"setting.":[34],"This":[35],"letter":[36],"compares":[37],"fusion":[39,41,47,85,94,120],"strategies\u2014early":[40],"by":[42,200],"channel":[43],"concatenation":[44,110],"and":[45,77,103,146,150],"late":[46,93],"independent":[49,181],"per-sensor":[50],"encoders\u2014against":[51],"single-sensor":[52],"baselines":[53],"GEDI":[55],"L4A-supervised":[56],"AGB":[57],"regression":[58],"over":[59],"study":[61],"region":[62],"Galicia,":[64],"northwest":[65],"Iberia.":[66],"All":[67],"four":[68],"configurations":[69],"share":[70],"an":[71,163,180],"identical":[72],"convolutional":[73],"backbone,":[74],"training":[75,207],"procedure,":[76],"spatially":[78],"blocked":[79],"cross-validation,":[80],"so":[81],"that":[82,118],"only":[83],"varies.":[87],"On":[88],"held-out":[90],"test":[91],"set,":[92],"achieves":[95],"lowest":[97],"overall":[98],"error":[99],"(RMSE":[100],"50.33":[101],"Mg/ha,R20.44)":[102],"significantly":[104],"outperforms":[105],"early":[106,109],"fusion,":[107],"whereas":[108],"does":[111],"not":[112,122,162,198],"improve":[113],"on":[114],"optical-only":[116],"baseline\u2014indicating":[117],"architecture,":[121],"mere":[124],"inclusion":[125],"of":[126,165,179,190],"SAR,":[127],"drives":[128],"performance.":[129],"Stratified":[130],"analysis":[131],"localizes":[132],"advantage:":[134],"it":[135],"concentrated":[137],"high-biomass":[139],"tree":[140],"cover,":[141],"where":[142],"reflectance":[144],"saturates":[145],"SAR":[147],"retains":[148],"sensitivity,":[149],"negligible":[152],"at":[153],"low":[154],"biomass.":[155],"An":[156],"ablation":[157],"confirms":[158],"effect":[160],"artifact":[164],"terrain-feature":[166],"duplication.":[167],"A":[168],"wall-to-wall":[169],"map":[170],"from":[171],"best":[173],"model":[174],"reproduces":[175],"spatial":[177],"structure":[178],"product":[183],"while":[184],"exhibiting":[185],"dynamic-range":[187],"compression":[188,196],"characteristic":[189],"GEDI-supervised":[191],"regression;":[192],"we":[193],"show":[194],"this":[195],"remedied":[199],"target":[201],"log-transformation,":[202],"pointing":[203],"instead":[204],"to":[205],"tail-sensitive":[206],"as":[208],"key":[210],"direction.":[211]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2026-10-27T00:00:00"}