{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7223667070","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/polym18212647","title":"Evaluating Measurement Bias in Flexural Modulus of Orthotropic UHMWPE Fiber/Nano-Epoxy Composites: A Finite Element Study","display_name":"Evaluating Measurement Bias in Flexural Modulus of Orthotropic UHMWPE Fiber/Nano-Epoxy Composites: A Finite Element Study","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7223667070","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/polym18212647"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/polym18212647","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/polym18212647","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/polym18212647","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S123288148","display_name":"Polymers","issn_l":"2073-4360","issn":["2073-4360"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Polymers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/polym18212647","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159614747","display_name":"Mehmet Vakkas O\u011ful","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2265-4324","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2265-4324"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100072489","display_name":"Yeditepe University","ror":"https://ror.org/025mx2575","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100072489"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mehmet Vakkas O\u011ful","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Materials Science and Nanotechnology Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Yeditepe University, 26 A\u011fustos Campus, \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc Mah., Kay\u0131\u015fda\u011f\u0131 Cad. 326A, Ata\u015fehir, 34755 \u0130stanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2265-4324","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Materials Science and Nanotechnology Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Yeditepe University, 26 A\u011fustos Campus, \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc Mah., Kay\u0131\u015fda\u011f\u0131 Cad. 326A, Ata\u015fehir, 34755 \u0130stanbul, T\u00fcrkiye","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100072489"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5148809557","display_name":"Halil \u0130brahim Yavuz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5610-7507","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5610-7507"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100072489","display_name":"Yeditepe University","ror":"https://ror.org/025mx2575","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100072489"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Halil \u0130brahim Yavuz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Materials Science and Nanotechnology Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Yeditepe University, 26 A\u011fustos Campus, \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc Mah., Kay\u0131\u015fda\u011f\u0131 Cad. 326A, Ata\u015fehir, 34755 \u0130stanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5610-7507","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Materials Science and Nanotechnology Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Yeditepe University, 26 A\u011fustos Campus, \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc Mah., Kay\u0131\u015fda\u011f\u0131 Cad. 326A, Ata\u015fehir, 34755 \u0130stanbul, T\u00fcrkiye","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100072489"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159314640","display_name":"Umut Kaan \u00d6zba\u015f","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5186-9003","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5186-9003"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100072489","display_name":"Yeditepe University","ror":"https://ror.org/025mx2575","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100072489"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Umut Kaan \u00d6zba\u015f","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Materials Science and Nanotechnology Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Yeditepe University, 26 A\u011fustos Campus, \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc Mah., Kay\u0131\u015fda\u011f\u0131 Cad. 326A, Ata\u015fehir, 34755 \u0130stanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5186-9003","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Materials Science and Nanotechnology Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Yeditepe University, 26 A\u011fustos Campus, \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc Mah., Kay\u0131\u015fda\u011f\u0131 Cad. 326A, Ata\u015fehir, 34755 \u0130stanbul, T\u00fcrkiye","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100072489"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5148809557"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100072489"],"apc_list":{"value":2700,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3258},"apc_paid":{"value":2700,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3258},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74928078,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"21","first_page":"2647","last_page":"2647"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11558","display_name":"Composite Material Mechanics","score":0.32010000944137573,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11558","display_name":"Composite Material Mechanics","score":0.32010000944137573,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11664","display_name":"Fiber-reinforced polymer composites","score":0.2992999851703644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10219","display_name":"Mechanical Behavior of Composites","score":0.07500000298023224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measurement-bias","display_name":"measurement bias","score":0.7390000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexural-modulus","display_name":"flexural modulus","score":0.9869999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orthotropic-properties","display_name":"orthotropic material properties","score":0.7620000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/three-point-bending","display_name":"three-point bending","score":0.9350000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/span-to-thickness-ratio","display_name":"span-to-thickness ratio","score":0.7310000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anisotropy-ratio","display_name":"anisotropy ratio","score":0.8709999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fiber-volume-fraction","display_name":"fiber volume fraction","score":0.7960000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rule-of-mixtures","display_name":"rule of mixtures","score":0.8240000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fiber-reinforced-polymer","display_name":"fiber-reinforced polymer","score":0.5180000066757202}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.8330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.7728000283241272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131336679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901006","display_name":"Orthotropic material","level":3,"score":0.7390000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191061551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3860041","display_name":"Tangent modulus","level":3,"score":0.5669999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C809718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5459047","display_name":"Flexural modulus","level":3,"score":0.5526000261306763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178405089","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857201","display_name":"Flexural strength","level":2,"score":0.5410000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86060186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7798000","display_name":"Three point flexural test","level":3,"score":0.5164999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41279357","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461466","display_name":"Shear modulus","level":2,"score":0.5156999826431274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779372316","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q569057","display_name":"Stiffness","level":2,"score":0.49790000915527344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136528926","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4692252","display_name":"Aggregate modulus","level":5,"score":0.4918000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166595027","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q143983","display_name":"Epoxy","level":2,"score":0.48420000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85725439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466686","display_name":"Anisotropy","level":2,"score":0.46889999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184050105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273163","display_name":"Isotropy","level":2,"score":0.46540001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42003148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4118949","display_name":"Specific modulus","level":3,"score":0.45190000534057617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193867417","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6889814","display_name":"Modulus","level":2,"score":0.44929999113082886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135628077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220184","display_name":"Finite element method","level":2,"score":0.4323999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87210426","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1072476","display_name":"Bending","level":2,"score":0.4104999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196029304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2091584","display_name":"Young's modulus","level":2,"score":0.39149999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C519885992","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161","display_name":"Fiber","level":2,"score":0.3619000017642975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128172907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4887116","display_name":"Bending stiffness","level":3,"score":0.35580000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94406020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q900371","display_name":"Bulk modulus","level":2,"score":0.3546000123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191204318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q246574","display_name":"Dynamic modulus","level":4,"score":0.35100001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65590680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909482","display_name":"Volume fraction","level":2,"score":0.34450000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43486711","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192005","display_name":"Elastic modulus","level":2,"score":0.3440000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101842124","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2449817","display_name":"Transverse isotropy","level":3,"score":0.32089999318122864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149505630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190453","display_name":"Poisson's ratio","level":3,"score":0.31380000710487366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31555180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3523867","display_name":"Material properties","level":2,"score":0.31130000948905945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204366326","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3027650","display_name":"Deformation (meteorology)","level":2,"score":0.2802000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.2734000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778753569","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1960395","display_name":"Span (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.2623000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155512373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287450","display_name":"Residual","level":2,"score":0.2596000134944916}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/polym18212647","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/polym18212647","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/polym18212647","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S123288148","display_name":"Polymers","issn_l":"2073-4360","issn":["2073-4360"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Polymers","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/polym18212647","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/polym18212647","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/polym18212647","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S123288148","display_name":"Polymers","issn_l":"2073-4360","issn":["2073-4360"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Polymers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1968607616","https://openalex.org/W1968720142","https://openalex.org/W1996908708","https://openalex.org/W1999194596","https://openalex.org/W2000654421","https://openalex.org/W2013555600","https://openalex.org/W2016654498","https://openalex.org/W2032355474","https://openalex.org/W2035356067","https://openalex.org/W2037514230","https://openalex.org/W2060569791","https://openalex.org/W2076413140","https://openalex.org/W2082605808","https://openalex.org/W2092094360","https://openalex.org/W2098261370","https://openalex.org/W2879253910","https://openalex.org/W3183467839","https://openalex.org/W4226373320"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2000654421","https://openalex.org/W1968607616","https://openalex.org/W2410776542","https://openalex.org/W2016654498","https://openalex.org/W2306385677","https://openalex.org/W7138151687","https://openalex.org/W4386615864","https://openalex.org/W6959742839","https://openalex.org/W3134520440","https://openalex.org/W2331058374"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Reactive":[0],"graphitic":[1],"nanofibers":[2],"(r-GNFs)":[3],"dispersed":[4],"in":[5,42,146],"epoxy":[6],"increase":[7,103],"the":[8,74,77,93,104,110,115,123,128,147,165,177],"resin\u2019s":[9],"flexural":[10,87],"modulus":[11,88,106,125,162],"by":[12,131],"approximately":[13],"20%":[14],"at":[15,64,70,127,189],"a":[16,36,59,65,119,139,150,173,182],"0.3":[17,178],"wt%":[18,179],"optimum":[19,129,168],"loading,":[20],"serving":[21],"as":[22],"matrices":[23],"for":[24,73],"ultra-high-molecular-weight":[25],"polyethylene":[26],"(UHMWPE)":[27],"fiber":[28,154],"composites.":[29],"This":[30],"study":[31],"reanalyzes":[32],"published":[33],"datasets,":[34],"constructing":[35],"traceable":[37],"orthotropic":[38],"material":[39],"library":[40],"evaluated":[41],"three-point":[43],"bending":[44],"via":[45],"finite":[46],"element":[47],"analysis.":[48],"The":[49],"isotropic":[50],"matrix":[51],"cards":[52],"successfully":[53],"reproduce":[54],"source":[55,148],"experimental":[56],"values,":[57],"showing":[58],"maximum":[60],"error":[61,133],"of":[62,89,92,152],"0.50%":[63],"16:1":[66,79,120],"span":[67,80,121],"and":[68,164],"0.020%":[69],"32:1.":[71],"However,":[72],"unidirectional":[75],"composite,":[76],"standard":[78],"is":[81,100],"predicted":[82],"to":[83],"yield":[84],"an":[85],"apparent":[86],"only":[90],"77.6\u201380.7%":[91],"true":[94,124],"longitudinal":[95,105],"modulus.":[96],"Crucially,":[97],"this":[98,190],"loss":[99],"formulation-dependent:":[101],"r-GNFs":[102],"considerably":[107],"more":[108],"than":[109],"axial":[111],"shear":[112],"modulus,":[113],"increasing":[114],"anisotropy":[116],"ratio.":[117],"Consequently,":[118],"underreports":[122],"gain":[126],"loading":[130],"13%\u2014an":[132],"that":[134],"drops":[135],"significantly":[136],"when":[137],"using":[138],"32:1":[140],"span.":[141],"Furthermore,":[142],"we":[143],"document":[144],"issues":[145],"dataset:":[149],"lack":[151],"common":[153],"volume":[155],"fraction":[156],"across":[157],"groups":[158],"invalidates":[159],"direct":[160],"raw":[161],"comparisons,":[163],"empirical":[166],"model\u2019s":[167],"coordinates":[169],"appear":[170],"transposed.":[171],"Finally,":[172],"rule-of-mixtures":[174],"decomposition":[175],"confirms":[176],"optimum,":[180],"revealing":[181],"statistically":[183],"significant":[184],"residual":[185],"excess":[186],"stiffness":[187],"exclusively":[188],"loading.":[191]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-29T09:56:32.521200","created_date":"2026-10-27T00:00:00"}
