{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7223663466","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2026.2746188","title":"Fully Integrated Liquid Metal System (FILMS) for a Fusion Reactor: Conceptual Design and Scoping Engineering Analysis","display_name":"Fully Integrated Liquid Metal System (FILMS) for a Fusion Reactor: Conceptual Design and Scoping Engineering Analysis","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7223663466","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2026.2746188"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/15361055.2026.2746188","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2026.2746188","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2026.2746188","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S104092111","display_name":"Fusion Science & Technology","issn_l":"1536-1055","issn":["1536-1055","1943-7641"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Fusion Science and Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039998524","display_name":"S. Smolentsev","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1275-0266","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1275-0266"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1289243028","display_name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01qz5mb56","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I39565521","https://openalex.org/I4210159294"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sergey Smolentsev","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oak Ridge National Laboratory"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1275-0266","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5039998524"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.69486917,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"22"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10592","display_name":"Fusion materials and technologies","score":0.9369999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10592","display_name":"Fusion materials and technologies","score":0.9369999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10346","display_name":"Magnetic confinement fusion research","score":0.012500000186264515,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3106","display_name":"Nuclear and High Energy Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10597","display_name":"Nuclear reactor physics and engineering","score":0.010999999940395355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fusion-reactor","display_name":"fusion reactor","score":0.8489999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/liquid-metal-coolant","display_name":"liquid metal coolant","score":0.7670000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conceptual-design","display_name":"conceptual design","score":0.7129999995231628}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.5152000188827515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.5080000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120208923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5158435","display_name":"Conceptual design","level":2,"score":0.4431000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.36410000920295715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158525013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2593739","display_name":"Fusion","level":2,"score":0.34549999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.33489999175071716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117671659","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11049265","display_name":"Manufacturing engineering","level":1,"score":0.2759000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33954974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486494","display_name":"Sensor fusion","level":2,"score":0.274399995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31352089","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3750474","display_name":"Systems design","level":2,"score":0.2734000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199639397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1788588","display_name":"Engineering drawing","level":1,"score":0.2732999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34972735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920267","display_name":"Engineering design process","level":2,"score":0.2590999901294708}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/15361055.2026.2746188","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2026.2746188","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2026.2746188","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S104092111","display_name":"Fusion Science & Technology","issn_l":"1536-1055","issn":["1536-1055","1943-7641"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Fusion Science and Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.75,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338287","display_name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01qz5mb56"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W206592295","https://openalex.org/W1137041869","https://openalex.org/W1214965692","https://openalex.org/W2000257442","https://openalex.org/W2022592856","https://openalex.org/W2043867169","https://openalex.org/W2063569866","https://openalex.org/W2116687910","https://openalex.org/W2506217661","https://openalex.org/W2624225788","https://openalex.org/W2626381803","https://openalex.org/W2728348458","https://openalex.org/W2801794692","https://openalex.org/W2946974252","https://openalex.org/W2951500932","https://openalex.org/W3134262816","https://openalex.org/W3134843509","https://openalex.org/W3214221790","https://openalex.org/W4382583089","https://openalex.org/W4391050312","https://openalex.org/W4392078782","https://openalex.org/W4393925278"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4392860761","https://openalex.org/W2951500932","https://openalex.org/W7202284223","https://openalex.org/W2946974252","https://openalex.org/W3195803890","https://openalex.org/W3204330583","https://openalex.org/W2551695628","https://openalex.org/W2215710612","https://openalex.org/W6990041535","https://openalex.org/W4413114691"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Fully":[0],"integrated":[1,39,88,243],"liquid-metal":[2],"(LM)":[3],"plasma-facing":[4],"and":[5,25,31,70,90,105,111,128,137,162,181,210,219,238],"breeding":[6,68],"systems":[7],"offer":[8],"a":[9,44,54,60,84],"promising":[10],"approach":[11],"for":[12,33,87,114,233],"future":[13],"fusion":[14],"reactors":[15],"capable":[16],"of":[17,191,215,228,241],"simultaneously":[18],"accommodating":[19],"high":[20],"heat":[21],"loads,":[22],"tritium":[23],"breeding,":[24],"power":[26,186],"conversion.":[27],"This":[28],"study":[29,223],"introduces":[30],"evaluates":[32],"the":[34,37,115,166,182,192,198,206,216,226,229,242],"first":[35,63],"time":[36],"fully":[38],"liquid":[40],"metal":[41],"system":[42],"(FILMS),":[43],"new":[45],"concept":[46],"that":[47,145],"combines":[48],"three":[49],"traditionally":[50],"separate":[51],"subsystems":[52],"into":[53],"single":[55],"liquid-lithium":[56],"(Li)":[57],"circuit:":[58],"(1)":[59],"flowing":[61],"LM":[62,67,74],"wall,":[64],"(2)":[65],"an":[66,72],"blanket,":[69],"(3)":[71],"open-surface":[73],"divertor.":[75],"The":[76,142,222],"Fusion":[77],"Nuclear":[78],"Science":[79],"Facility":[80],"was":[81],"used":[82],"as":[83],"representative":[85],"testbed":[86],"thermohydraulic":[89],"magnetohydrodynamic":[91],"(MHD)":[92],"analyses.":[93],"Scoping-level":[94],"analyses":[95],"were":[96,131],"performed":[97],"to":[98,205],"evaluate":[99],"Li":[100],"flow":[101,236],"rates,":[102],"temperatures,":[103],"Reynolds":[104],"Hartmann":[106],"numbers,":[107],"MHD":[108,159],"pressure":[109,160,174],"drops,":[110],"pumping-power":[112],"requirements":[113],"major":[116,172],"FILMS":[117,244],"circuits.":[118,221],"Two":[119],"structural-material":[120],"options,":[121],"reduced":[122],"activation":[123],"ferritic":[124],"martensitic":[125],"(RAFM)":[126],"steel":[127],"vanadium":[129],"alloy,":[130],"considered":[132],"together":[133],"with":[134],"electrically":[135,138,146,153,167,199],"conducting":[136],"insulating":[139,147,154,168,200],"wall":[140],"assumptions.":[141],"results":[143],"demonstrate":[144],"configurations,":[148],"representing":[149],"flow-channel":[150],"inserts":[151],"or":[152],"sandwich-wall":[155],"concepts,":[156],"substantially":[157],"reduce":[158],"drops":[161,175],"pumping":[163,185],"power.":[164,195],"For":[165],"vanadium-alloy":[169],"case,":[170],"all":[171],"circuit":[173],"remain":[176],"below":[177,188],"approximately":[178,189],"2":[179],"MPa":[180],"total":[183],"hydraulic":[184,245],"remains":[187,203],"1%":[190],"reactor":[193],"thermal":[194],"In":[196],"contrast,":[197],"RAFM":[201],"case":[202],"close":[204],"engineering":[207],"pressure-drop":[208],"limit":[209],"likely":[211],"requires":[212],"additional":[213],"optimization":[214],"inboard":[217],"blanket":[218],"main-loop":[220],"additionally":[224],"demonstrates":[225],"usefulness":[227],"electric-circuit":[230],"analogy":[231],"framework":[232],"evaluating":[234],"coupled":[235],"redistribution":[237],"off-design":[239],"behavior":[240],"network.":[246]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-29T09:56:32.521200","created_date":"2026-10-27T00:00:00"}