{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7223654871","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aeaa49","title":"Modeling the Broadband Emission and X-Ray Radial Profiles of Pulsar Wind Nebula G54.1+0.3","display_name":"Modeling the Broadband Emission and X-Ray Radial Profiles of Pulsar Wind Nebula G54.1+0.3","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7223654871","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aeaa49"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aeaa49","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aeaa49","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aeaa49","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/aeaa49/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1980519","display_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","issn_l":"0004-637X","issn":["0004-637X","1538-4357"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/aeaa49/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102332169","display_name":"Ji-Yang Ren","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143338","display_name":"Yuxi Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/048fp0x47","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210143338"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ji-Yang Ren","raw_affiliation_strings":["Yuxi Normal University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yuxi Normal University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143338"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064488288","display_name":"Zhonghui Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3732-8010","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3732-8010"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210160657","display_name":"Yunnan Open University","ror":"https://ror.org/04egk7864","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210160657"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhong-Hui Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Yunnan Open University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yunnan Open University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210160657"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056683868","display_name":"Bo-Tao Zhu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I195019228","display_name":"Yunnan Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/04dpa3g90","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I195019228"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bo-Tao Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Yunnan Agricultural University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yunnan Agricultural University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I195019228"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011268144","display_name":"Fang-Wu Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3586-6519","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3586-6519"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143338","display_name":"Yuxi Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/048fp0x47","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210143338"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fang-Wu Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Yuxi Normal University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yuxi Normal University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143338"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":4499,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4499},"apc_paid":{"value":4499,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4499},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81549296,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"1011","issue":"1","first_page":"37","last_page":"37"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10818","display_name":"Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3106","display_name":"Nuclear and High Energy Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10818","display_name":"Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3106","display_name":"Nuclear and High Energy Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11323","display_name":"Gamma-ray bursts and supernovae","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10744","display_name":"Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pulsar-wind-nebula","display_name":"pulsar wind nebulae","score":0.8899999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/x-ray-photon-index","display_name":"X-ray photon index","score":0.9020000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surface-brightness","display_name":"surface brightness","score":0.8199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnetic-field-gradient","display_name":"magnetic field gradient","score":0.7739999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particle-transport","display_name":"particle transport","score":0.722000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-dependent-diffusion","display_name":"energy-dependent diffusion","score":0.8009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kolmogorov-turbulence","display_name":"Kolmogorov turbulence","score":0.9760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/termination-shock","display_name":"termination shock","score":0.8999999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/broadband-emission","display_name":"broadband emission","score":0.5550000071525574}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.9688000082969666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91228026","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1048103","display_name":"Surface brightness","level":3,"score":0.656000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110363677","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4360","display_name":"Pulsar","level":2,"score":0.6499999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776156206","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1810024","display_name":"Pulsar wind nebula","level":4,"score":0.6258999705314636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776444349","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q284849","display_name":"Vela","level":3,"score":0.6136999726295471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44870925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37547","display_name":"Astrophysics","level":1,"score":0.5895000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779496878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42372","display_name":"Nebula","level":3,"score":0.5834000110626221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776409865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10934","display_name":"Crab Nebula","level":3,"score":0.5478000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125245961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221656","display_name":"Brightness","level":2,"score":0.4812000095844269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21368211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689863","display_name":"Synchrotron","level":2,"score":0.4481000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54834619","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131687","display_name":"Heliosphere","level":4,"score":0.4413999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159317903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3198","display_name":"Photon","level":2,"score":0.39629998803138733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.38830000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16332341","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212871","display_name":"Synchrotron radiation","level":2,"score":0.3824000060558319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115260700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11408","display_name":"Magnetic field","level":2,"score":0.3589000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168997771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2022629","display_name":"Relativistic particle","level":3,"score":0.29840001463890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74902906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1190858","display_name":"Radiative transfer","level":2,"score":0.2838999927043915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178635117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747499","display_name":"RADIUS","level":2,"score":0.28299999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41074950","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q240105","display_name":"Radial velocity","level":3,"score":0.2777999937534332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778517922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7140482","display_name":"Particle (ecology)","level":2,"score":0.2732999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75183268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7140491","display_name":"Particle acceleration","level":3,"score":0.2709999978542328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69357855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163214","display_name":"Diffusion","level":2,"score":0.2694999873638153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781300812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178061","display_name":"Shock (circulatory)","level":2,"score":0.26179999113082886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509933004","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194163","display_name":"Broadband","level":2,"score":0.2599000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778339168","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207436","display_name":"Supernova remnant","level":3,"score":0.25589999556541443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155991500","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4950685","display_name":"Bow shock (aerodynamics)","level":3,"score":0.2549000084400177}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aeaa49","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aeaa49","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aeaa49","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/aeaa49/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1980519","display_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","issn_l":"0004-637X","issn":["0004-637X","1538-4357"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f0ef835f19dc42c48cc6091542392e1b","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f0ef835f19dc42c48cc6091542392e1b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"The Astrophysical Journal, Vol 1011, Iss 1, p 37 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aeaa49","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aeaa49","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aeaa49","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/aeaa49/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1980519","display_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","issn_l":"0004-637X","issn":["0004-637X","1538-4357"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7223654871.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7223654871.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":56,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1519954863","https://openalex.org/W1896936719","https://openalex.org/W1938638732","https://openalex.org/W1983072771","https://openalex.org/W1983260823","https://openalex.org/W1985845593","https://openalex.org/W1992646965","https://openalex.org/W1992768712","https://openalex.org/W2008405546","https://openalex.org/W2014665724","https://openalex.org/W2019001943","https://openalex.org/W2050256950","https://openalex.org/W2051546173","https://openalex.org/W2054923548","https://openalex.org/W2060626812","https://openalex.org/W2064792020","https://openalex.org/W2067277085","https://openalex.org/W2078622240","https://openalex.org/W2079614607","https://openalex.org/W2085013399","https://openalex.org/W2087364146","https://openalex.org/W2089572556","https://openalex.org/W2095008170","https://openalex.org/W2095565510","https://openalex.org/W2107415832","https://openalex.org/W2130126057","https://openalex.org/W2154820916","https://openalex.org/W2158898723","https://openalex.org/W2161090933","https://openalex.org/W2214641381","https://openalex.org/W2305885330","https://openalex.org/W2337956381","https://openalex.org/W2562378274","https://openalex.org/W2737661767","https://openalex.org/W2753108817","https://openalex.org/W2769525151","https://openalex.org/W2794821744","https://openalex.org/W2889460758","https://openalex.org/W2950972746","https://openalex.org/W2953988036","https://openalex.org/W2982338038","https://openalex.org/W2999287457","https://openalex.org/W3013309438","https://openalex.org/W3197068635","https://openalex.org/W4210851748","https://openalex.org/W4220744890","https://openalex.org/W4230786011","https://openalex.org/W4316174427","https://openalex.org/W4385706657","https://openalex.org/W4393057547","https://openalex.org/W4403754596","https://openalex.org/W4405558599","https://openalex.org/W4409519846","https://openalex.org/W7131357002","https://openalex.org/W7154948943","https://openalex.org/W7171393402"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2962767519","https://openalex.org/W2050256950","https://openalex.org/W2600937076","https://openalex.org/W4220744890","https://openalex.org/W2753108817","https://openalex.org/W3197068635","https://openalex.org/W2067936352","https://openalex.org/W1983260823","https://openalex.org/W2337956381","https://openalex.org/W2891281491"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"G54.1+0.3":[1,137],"is":[2],"a":[3,30,70,76,139],"Crab-like":[4,156],"pulsar":[5],"wind":[6],"nebula":[7],"(PWN)":[8],"detected":[9],"in":[10,91,143],"the":[11,39,43,47,56,65,85,89,95,100,124,130,151,155],"radio,":[12],"X-ray,":[13],"and":[14,22,42,51,60,88,154],"TeV":[15],"gamma-ray":[16],"bands.":[17],"Its":[18],"X-ray":[19,48,125,141],"photon":[20,49,86,131],"index":[21,50,78,87,112],"surface":[23,52,92],"brightness":[24,93],"exhibit":[25],"significant":[26],"radial":[27,44,82,126],"variations.":[28],"Using":[29],"spatially":[31],"resolved":[32],"particle":[33,61,108],"transport":[34,62],"model":[35],"that":[36,136],"simultaneously":[37],"reproduces":[38],"broadband":[40],"spectrum":[41],"profiles":[45,127],"of":[46,79,84,113],"brightness,":[53],"we":[54],"investigate":[55],"magnetic":[57,73],"field":[58,74],"structure":[59],"properties":[63],"within":[64],"nebula.":[66],"Our":[67],"results":[68],"favor":[69],"radially":[71],"decreasing":[72],"with":[75,110,116],"gradient":[77],"0.36.":[80],"The":[81],"softening":[83],"decline":[90],"from":[94],"termination":[96],"shock":[97],"(TS)":[98],"to":[99,145],"nebular":[101],"boundary":[102],"are":[103],"primarily":[104],"governed":[105],"by":[106,128],"energy-dependent":[107],"diffusion":[109],"an":[111],"1/3,":[114],"consistent":[115],"Kolmogorov-type":[117],"turbulence,":[118],"while":[119],"synchrotron":[120,146],"burn-off":[121],"further":[122],"modifies":[123],"steepening":[129],"index.":[132],"These":[133],"findings":[134],"suggest":[135],"represents":[138],"diffusion-dominated":[140],"PWN,":[142],"contrast":[144],"cooling-dominated":[147],"systems":[148],"such":[149],"as":[150],"Crab":[152],"Nebula":[153],"PWN":[157],"3C":[158],"58.":[159]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-29T09:56:32.521200","created_date":"2026-10-27T00:00:00"}