{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7223653373","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-026-19360-3","title":"Optical imaging framework for melt pool monitoring and bead geometry prediction in blown powder directed energy deposition","display_name":"Optical imaging framework for melt pool monitoring and bead geometry prediction in blown powder directed energy deposition","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7223653373","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-026-19360-3"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00170-026-19360-3","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-026-19360-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-026-19360-3","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00170-026-19360-3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S77056576","display_name":"The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology","issn_l":"0268-3768","issn":["0268-3768","1433-3015"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00170-026-19360-3.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159646379","display_name":"William Huggins","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5106-4680","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5106-4680"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"William Huggins","raw_affiliation_strings":["George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5106-4680","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048522960","display_name":"Alan Burl","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2216-7795","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2216-7795"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alan Burl","raw_affiliation_strings":["George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119443928","display_name":"George Bourgikos","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"George Bourgikos","raw_affiliation_strings":["George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021185346","display_name":"Christopher Salda\u00f1a","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1427-7732","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1427-7732"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher Salda\u00f1a","raw_affiliation_strings":["George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066369271","display_name":"Kyle S. Saleeby","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7523-8174","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7523-8174"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kyle Saleeby","raw_affiliation_strings":["Georgia Tech Manufacturing Institute, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Georgia Tech Manufacturing Institute, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5159646379"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"],"apc_list":{"value":3990,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3990},"apc_paid":{"value":3990,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3990},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72575752,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10705","display_name":"Additive Manufacturing Materials and Processes","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10705","display_name":"Additive Manufacturing Materials and Processes","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10834","display_name":"Welding Techniques and Residual Stresses","score":0.0008999999845400453,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10783","display_name":"Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Technologies","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/melt-pool-monitoring","display_name":"melt pool monitoring","score":0.9300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bead-geometry-prediction","display_name":"bead geometry prediction","score":0.9330000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-segmentation","display_name":"image segmentation","score":0.8220000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/affine-projection","display_name":"affine projection","score":0.8230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian-process-regression","display_name":"Gaussian process regression","score":0.7689999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/316l-stainless-steel","display_name":"316L stainless steel","score":0.9269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traverse-speed","display_name":"traverse speed","score":0.8759999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser-power","display_name":"laser power","score":0.9729999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/in-situ-process-monitoring","display_name":"in-situ process monitoring","score":0.7730000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/additive-manufacturing","display_name":"additive manufacturing","score":0.8539999723434448}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57493831","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3134666","display_name":"Projection (relational algebra)","level":2,"score":0.6013000011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64297162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1987070","display_name":"Deposition (geology)","level":3,"score":0.5722000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.4970000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109386097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1053956","display_name":"Bead","level":2,"score":0.4832000136375427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.4498000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.41929998993873596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176809094","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15401496","display_name":"Traverse","level":2,"score":0.4099000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.3594000041484833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.35589998960494995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158843486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2137810","display_name":"Complex geometry","level":2,"score":0.3481999933719635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901177","display_name":"Gaussian","level":2,"score":0.33390000462532043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193581530","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q683778","display_name":"Structured light","level":2,"score":0.3321000039577484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.32030001282691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.31929999589920044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520434653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38867","display_name":"Laser","level":2,"score":0.30730000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.3019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19474535","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131172","display_name":"Welding","level":2,"score":0.3012999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776143536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7980866","display_name":"Weld pool","level":5,"score":0.29840001463890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92757383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q382497","display_name":"Affine transformation","level":2,"score":0.29760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.28940001130104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38349280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1434290","display_name":"Flow (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2865000069141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778993590","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q260606","display_name":"Injection moulding","level":2,"score":0.2827000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.2824000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.28119999170303345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122383733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865920","display_name":"Approximation error","level":2,"score":0.2700999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31243852","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1666739","display_name":"Stochastic geometry","level":2,"score":0.2660999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780383046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1760958","display_name":"Cutting tool","level":2,"score":0.2660999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32230216","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7882499","display_name":"Uncertainty quantification","level":2,"score":0.2581000030040741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.2572999894618988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.25290000438690186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780329122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18349149","display_name":"Fused deposition modeling","level":3,"score":0.2515000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.25119999051094055}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00170-026-19360-3","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-026-19360-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-026-19360-3","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00170-026-19360-3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S77056576","display_name":"The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology","issn_l":"0268-3768","issn":["0268-3768","1433-3015"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00170-026-19360-3","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-026-19360-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-026-19360-3","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00170-026-19360-3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S77056576","display_name":"The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology","issn_l":"0268-3768","issn":["0268-3768","1433-3015"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F443512048","display_name":"Coherent / II-VI Foundation","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7223653373.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7223653373.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":72,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1499145799","https://openalex.org/W1963661623","https://openalex.org/W1969975139","https://openalex.org/W1973624787","https://openalex.org/W1975428394","https://openalex.org/W1982141954","https://openalex.org/W2013780617","https://openalex.org/W2025632529","https://openalex.org/W2045132862","https://openalex.org/W2059665651","https://openalex.org/W2062648832","https://openalex.org/W2069299782","https://openalex.org/W2070565034","https://openalex.org/W2111151479","https://openalex.org/W2145023731","https://openalex.org/W2157031604","https://openalex.org/W2166250545","https://openalex.org/W2167667767","https://openalex.org/W2167742641","https://openalex.org/W2196365938","https://openalex.org/W2250894080","https://openalex.org/W2560136348","https://openalex.org/W2735682199","https://openalex.org/W2762367303","https://openalex.org/W2766143900","https://openalex.org/W2772940940","https://openalex.org/W2800489628","https://openalex.org/W2804990704","https://openalex.org/W2889886141","https://openalex.org/W2913385021","https://openalex.org/W2922978789","https://openalex.org/W2946987235","https://openalex.org/W2948076396","https://openalex.org/W2954815486","https://openalex.org/W2982467199","https://openalex.org/W2986178553","https://openalex.org/W2990155470","https://openalex.org/W3015672446","https://openalex.org/W3016444131","https://openalex.org/W3044219677","https://openalex.org/W3087354438","https://openalex.org/W3112812051","https://openalex.org/W3129190339","https://openalex.org/W3129323667","https://openalex.org/W3167891248","https://openalex.org/W3180597969","https://openalex.org/W3193009538","https://openalex.org/W3216501969","https://openalex.org/W4220952917","https://openalex.org/W4281296300","https://openalex.org/W4293100764","https://openalex.org/W4295034778","https://openalex.org/W4312222670","https://openalex.org/W4365449668","https://openalex.org/W4375856755","https://openalex.org/W4381512398","https://openalex.org/W4387124618","https://openalex.org/W4387697925","https://openalex.org/W4388197292","https://openalex.org/W4388320451","https://openalex.org/W4388460372","https://openalex.org/W4389722273","https://openalex.org/W4390306738","https://openalex.org/W4391425696","https://openalex.org/W4392129291","https://openalex.org/W4393256254","https://openalex.org/W4399429371","https://openalex.org/W4401767729","https://openalex.org/W4403683192","https://openalex.org/W4410193921","https://openalex.org/W6964331394","https://openalex.org/W7123824191"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4387124618","https://openalex.org/W4404741723","https://openalex.org/W4407731391","https://openalex.org/W7161152019","https://openalex.org/W4390101690","https://openalex.org/W7032896401","https://openalex.org/W3185601393","https://openalex.org/W3011515281","https://openalex.org/W4415720563","https://openalex.org/W3117648516"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Blown":[1],"powder":[2],"laser":[3,160],"directed":[4],"energy":[5],"deposition":[6,28],"(DED-LP)":[7],"is":[8,69],"an":[9,56],"emerging":[10],"additive":[11],"manufacturing":[12],"process":[13,174,184],"with":[14,117],"applications":[15],"in":[16,151],"both":[17],"new":[18],"part":[19],"manufacture":[20],"and":[21,76,93,139,159,183,198,234],"repair":[22],"of":[23,29,36,133,193,214,217,229],"high-value":[24],"components.":[25],"However,":[26],"the":[27,125,156,165,204,212,225],"consistent":[30],"bead":[31,119,137,143,153],"geometry":[32,54,154],"requires":[33],"precise":[34],"control":[35],"melt":[37,48,88,219],"pool":[38,49,89,220],"dynamics.":[39],"While":[40],"in-situ":[41],"monitoring":[42,84],"methods":[43],"have":[44],"been":[45],"developed,":[46],"linking":[47],"optical":[50,78],"signals":[51],"to":[52,73,86,104,110,241],"solidified":[53,118,152],"remains":[55],"open":[57],"challenge.":[58],"Monocular":[59],"imaging":[60],"offers":[61],"a":[62,83,172,188],"low-cost,":[63],"minimally":[64],"invasive":[65],"sensing":[66],"approach,":[67],"yet":[68],"inherently":[70],"indirect":[71],"due":[72],"projection":[74,109,147],"effects":[75],"process-induced":[77],"variability.":[79],"This":[80,209],"work":[81],"presents":[82],"framework":[85],"interpret":[87],"images":[90,221],"by":[91,247],"analytical":[92,126,215,248],"data-driven":[94],"means.":[95],"Contours":[96],"detected":[97],"from":[98],"intensity-based":[99,249],"image":[100,250],"segmentation":[101],"are":[102],"translated":[103],"world":[105],"coordinates":[106],"using":[107],"affine":[108,146],"provide":[111],"calibration-based":[112],"geometric":[113],"proxies":[114],"for":[115,136,142,196,201,222],"comparison":[116],"geometry.":[120],"At":[121],"nominal":[122],"printing":[123],"conditions,":[124],"approach":[127],"yielded":[128],"mean":[129,189],"absolute":[130,190],"percentage":[131,191],"errors":[132],"2.5":[134],"%":[135,141,195,200],"width":[138,197],"16.2":[140],"height.":[144],"The":[145],"method":[148],"captured":[149,246],"trends":[150],"across":[155,203],"traverse":[157,206],"speed":[158,207],"power":[161],"ranges":[162],"investigated":[163],"within":[164,224],"material-specific":[166],"operating":[167,227],"envelope.":[168],"To":[169],"refine":[170],"estimates,":[171],"Gaussian":[173],"regression":[175],"model":[176],"(GPR)":[177],"was":[178],"trained":[179],"on":[180],"image-derived":[181],"features":[182],"conditions.":[185,208],"GPR":[186,237],"achieved":[187],"error":[192],"1.4":[194],"3.7":[199],"height":[202],"tested":[205],"study":[210],"demonstrates":[211,235],"applicability":[213],"interpretations":[216],"monocular":[218],"analysis":[223],"standard":[226],"window":[228],"316L":[230],"stainless":[231],"steel":[232],"feedstock":[233],"how":[236],"may":[238],"be":[239],"leveraged":[240],"learn":[242],"underlying":[243],"relationships":[244],"not":[245],"segmentation.":[251]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-29T09:56:32.521200","created_date":"2026-10-27T00:00:00"}