{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7223649458","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23676098","title":"Comparative Economic Analysis of Diesel Generator vs Solar Microgrid Operation in Khartoum: Annual Cost Assessment Under Extended Grid Outages","display_name":"Comparative Economic Analysis of Diesel Generator vs Solar Microgrid Operation in Khartoum: Annual Cost Assessment Under Extended Grid Outages","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7223649458","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23676098"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.23676098","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23676098","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23676098","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23676098","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159591730","display_name":"Mugtaba Alfaki","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Alfaki, Mugtaba","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5159591730"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11007","display_name":"Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems","score":0.4392000138759613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2102","display_name":"Energy Engineering and Power Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11007","display_name":"Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems","score":0.4392000138759613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2102","display_name":"Energy Engineering and Power Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.3953000009059906,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14444","display_name":"Power Systems and Renewable Energy","score":0.07339999824762344,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2102","display_name":"Energy Engineering and Power Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diesel-generator","display_name":"diesel generator","score":0.8579999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/solar-microgrids","display_name":"solar microgrids","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-outages","display_name":"power outages","score":0.7850000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/off-grid-power-supply","display_name":"off-grid power supply","score":0.6620000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/household-energy-expenditure","display_name":"household energy costs","score":0.7990000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/payback-period","display_name":"payback period","score":0.8169999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/net-present-value","display_name":"net present value","score":0.9079999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lithium-iron-phosphate-batteries","display_name":"lithium iron phosphate batteries","score":0.8370000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photovoltaic-systems","display_name":"photovoltaic systems","score":0.7900000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hybrid-inverter","display_name":"hybrid inverter","score":0.7670000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/merowe-dam","display_name":"Merowe Dam","score":0.9110000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/khartoum","display_name":"Khartoum","score":0.8830000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-resilience","display_name":"energy resilience","score":0.47200000286102295}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776301318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q963375","display_name":"Diesel generator","level":3,"score":0.8048999905586243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776784348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5762595","display_name":"Microgrid","level":3,"score":0.6912999749183655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144553756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15081665","display_name":"Payback period","level":3,"score":0.5601000189781189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181230689","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192472","display_name":"Net present value","level":3,"score":0.5503000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138171918","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38423","display_name":"Diesel fuel","level":2,"score":0.5108000040054321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.48570001125335693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.43709999322891235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164624739","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q754331","display_name":"Activity-based costing","level":2,"score":0.40779998898506165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6927289","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1100466","display_name":"Present value","level":2,"score":0.4065999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188573790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12705","display_name":"Renewable energy","level":2,"score":0.4041999876499176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.4020000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.38749998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41291067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1897785","display_name":"Photovoltaic system","level":2,"score":0.3828999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C423512","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q383973","display_name":"Electricity generation","level":3,"score":0.37450000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777618391","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1483757","display_name":"Solar power","level":3,"score":0.36480000615119934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127454912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q942582","display_name":"Cost\u2013benefit analysis","level":2,"score":0.3605000078678131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.35929998755455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134560507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q753291","display_name":"Environmental economics","level":1,"score":0.31940001249313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182299520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1289588","display_name":"Total cost","level":2,"score":0.30570000410079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983335822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q942582","display_name":"Cost analysis","level":2,"score":0.2849999964237213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777347956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1362005","display_name":"Operating cost","level":2,"score":0.2815000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.27959999442100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985697011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economic analysis","level":2,"score":0.2720000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541104983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40015","display_name":"Solar energy","level":2,"score":0.26510000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87717796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146326","display_name":"Environmental engineering","level":1,"score":0.2596000134944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5979214","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126932","display_name":"Cost of electricity by source","level":4,"score":0.25920000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93983250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q795053","display_name":"Cost estimate","level":2,"score":0.2526000142097473}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.23676098","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23676098","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23676098","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.23676099","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23676099","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23676099","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.23676098","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23676098","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23676098","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":1.0,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":1.0,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","score":1.0,"display_name":"Climate action"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7223654743","https://openalex.org/W4220738421","https://openalex.org/W7221804264","https://openalex.org/W4366215921","https://openalex.org/W4417510715","https://openalex.org/W3209242236","https://openalex.org/W2989838291","https://openalex.org/W2997607268","https://openalex.org/W3186731570","https://openalex.org/W4375927516"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1,200],"presents":[2],"a":[3,18,80],"detailed":[4],"one-year":[5],"comparative":[6],"economic":[7],"analysis":[8,74,188],"of":[9,26,51,83,104,162,184,231],"diesel":[10,92,102,190,204],"generator":[11,93],"versus":[12],"low-cost":[13],"solar":[14,123,153,170,218],"microgrid":[15,124,219],"operation":[16],"for":[17,78,229],"typical":[19],"household":[20],"in":[21,39,166,176],"Khartoum,":[22],"Sudan":[23],"under":[24],"conditions":[25],"prolonged":[27],"grid":[28,37],"failure.":[29],"Field":[30],"data":[31,145,161],"and":[32,55,151,159,179],"utility":[33],"reports":[34],"indicate":[35],"that":[36,202],"outages":[38],"Khartoum":[40,101],"now":[41],"extend":[42],"to":[43,57,70],"16-18":[44],"hours":[45,110,165],"per":[46,86,97,106,215],"day":[47],"following":[48],"the":[49,52,58],"destruction":[50],"Al-Markhiyat":[53],"substation":[54],"damage":[56],"Merowe":[59],"Dam":[60],"power":[61],"station,":[62],"with":[63,125,139,225],"national":[64],"generation":[65],"falling":[66],"from":[67],"4,400":[68],"MW":[69],"1,100":[71],"MW.":[72],"The":[73,199],"compares":[75],"two":[76],"scenarios":[77],"meeting":[79],"critical":[81],"load":[82],"5":[84,128],"kWh":[85,129],"day.":[87],"Scenario":[88,120],"A:":[89],"3":[90,132],"kW":[91,133],"consuming":[94],"0.8":[95],"liters":[96],"hour":[98],"at":[99],"current":[100],"price":[103,196],"$1.2":[105],"liter,":[107],"operating":[108],"12":[109],"daily.":[111],"Annual":[112],"fuel":[113,195],"cost":[114,149,155],"$4,204,":[115],"maintenance":[116],"$600,":[117],"total":[118],"$4,804.":[119],"B:":[121],"Proposed":[122],"2x550W":[126],"PV,":[127],"LiFePO4":[130],"battery,":[131],"hybrid":[134],"inverter":[135],"costing":[136],"$850":[137],"CAPEX":[138],"$20":[140],"annual":[141,173],"maintenance.":[142],"Using":[143],"IRENA":[144],"on":[146,210],"93%":[147],"battery":[148],"decline":[150,156],"87%":[152],"PV":[154],"since":[157],"2010,":[158],"UN":[160],"4,000+":[163],"sunshine":[164],"Sudan,":[167],"results":[168],"show":[169],"achieves":[171],"82.3%":[172],"savings,":[174],"payback":[175],"2.1":[177],"months,":[178],"ten-year":[180],"net":[181],"present":[182],"value":[183],"$39,190":[185],"savings.":[186],"Sensitivity":[187],"shows":[189],"remains":[191],"uneconomical":[192],"even":[193],"if":[194],"drops":[197],"50%.":[198],"concludes":[201],"continued":[203],"reliance":[205],"imposes":[206],"severe":[207],"financial":[208],"burden":[209],"households":[211],"already":[212],"spending":[213],"$200":[214],"month,":[216],"while":[217],"offers":[220],"sustainable":[221],"resilience":[222],"pathway":[223],"aligning":[224],"World":[226],"Bank":[227],"goals":[228],"30%":[230],"population":[232],"without":[233],"access.":[234]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-29T09:56:32.521200","created_date":"2026-10-27T00:00:00"}
