{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7223648331","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckag169.1960","title":"Gender-Specific Determinants of Depression Among People with HIV in Kazakhstan","display_name":"Gender-Specific Determinants of Depression Among People with HIV in Kazakhstan","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7223648331","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckag169.1960"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckag169.1960","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckag169.1960","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckag169.1960","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/eurpub/article-pdf/36/Supplement_5/ckag169.1960/72466504/ckag169.1960.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210220588","display_name":"European Journal of Public Health","issn_l":"1101-1262","issn":["1101-1262","1464-360X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","doyens","fnege-4","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"European Journal of Public Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://academic.oup.com/eurpub/article-pdf/36/Supplement_5/ckag169.1960/72466504/ckag169.1960.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159656803","display_name":"G Mergenova","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I191378831","display_name":"Kazakh National Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/05pc6w891","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I191378831"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"G Mergenova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Epidemiology, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University , Almaty,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Epidemiology, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University , Almaty,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I191378831"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010896518","display_name":"Assel Bukharbayeva","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6170-1527","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6170-1527"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I191378831","display_name":"Kazakh National Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/05pc6w891","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I191378831"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A Bukharbayeva","raw_affiliation_strings":["Epidemiology, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University , Almaty,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Epidemiology, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University , Almaty,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I191378831"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068639644","display_name":"A Izekenova","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I191378831","display_name":"Kazakh National Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/05pc6w891","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I191378831"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A Izekenova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Epidemiology, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University , Almaty,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Epidemiology, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University , Almaty,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I191378831"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159593710","display_name":"A Terlikbayeva","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144657","display_name":"Global Health Research Center of Central Asia","ror":"https://ror.org/04z2zm587","country_code":"KZ","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144657"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A Terlikbayeva","raw_affiliation_strings":["Global Health Research Center of Central Asia , Almaty,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Global Health Research Center of Central Asia , Almaty,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144657"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159737839","display_name":"S Primbetova","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144657","display_name":"Global Health Research Center of Central Asia","ror":"https://ror.org/04z2zm587","country_code":"KZ","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144657"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S Primbetova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Global Health Research Center of Central Asia , Almaty,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Global Health Research Center of Central Asia , Almaty,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144657"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159593780","display_name":"M Darisheva","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144657","display_name":"Global Health Research Center of Central Asia","ror":"https://ror.org/04z2zm587","country_code":"KZ","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144657"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M Darisheva","raw_affiliation_strings":["Global Health Research Center of Central Asia , Almaty,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Global Health Research Center of Central Asia , Almaty,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144657"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159734830","display_name":"M Yerdenova","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I191378831","display_name":"Kazakh National Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/05pc6w891","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I191378831"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M Yerdenova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Epidemiology, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University , Almaty,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Epidemiology, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University , Almaty,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I191378831"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159589666","display_name":"J DeHovitz","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181697535","display_name":"SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University","ror":"https://ror.org/0041qmd21","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181697535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J DeHovitz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medicine, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University , Brooklyn, New York,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medicine, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University , Brooklyn, New York,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181697535"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5159656803"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I191378831"],"apc_list":{"value":2815,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":3181},"apc_paid":{"value":2815,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":3181},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82093517,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"36","issue":"Supplement_5","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10082","display_name":"HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10082","display_name":"HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10272","display_name":"Mental Health Treatment and Access","score":0.0007999999797903001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2738","display_name":"Psychiatry and Mental health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11860","display_name":"HIV, Drug Use, Sexual Risk","score":0.000699999975040555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/depression","display_name":"depression","score":0.9879999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/people-living-with-hiv","display_name":"people living with HIV","score":0.9639999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-differences","display_name":"gender differences","score":0.8840000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hiv-stigma","display_name":"HIV stigma","score":0.781000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perceived-stress","display_name":"perceived stress","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hazardous-drinking","display_name":"hazardous drinking","score":0.734000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/employment","display_name":"employment","score":0.7770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chronic-comorbidities","display_name":"chronic comorbidities","score":0.7390000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antiretroviral-therapy-adherence","display_name":"antiretroviral therapy adherence","score":0.9490000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mental-health-interventions","display_name":"mental health interventions","score":0.8040000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kazakhstan","display_name":"Kazakhstan","score":0.8479999899864197}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776867660","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1814941","display_name":"Depression (economics)","level":2,"score":0.7768999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.7379999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150966472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3410145","display_name":"Psychosocial","level":2,"score":0.6384999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147077947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1515895","display_name":"Socioeconomic status","level":3,"score":0.6383000016212463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73269764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q954529","display_name":"Poisson regression","level":3,"score":0.5737000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256382","display_name":"Psychological intervention","level":2,"score":0.5611000061035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134362201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q317309","display_name":"Mental health","level":2,"score":0.5246999859809875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.45320001244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.3862000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3013748606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15787","display_name":"Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)","level":2,"score":0.37770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.3718999922275543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779998236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q223270","display_name":"Loneliness","level":2,"score":0.3571999967098236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779159551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414874","display_name":"Comorbidity","level":2,"score":0.3407000005245209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107130276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133805","display_name":"Epidemiology","level":2,"score":0.3334999978542328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142052008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q954027","display_name":"Cross-sectional study","level":2,"score":0.3294000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.3237999975681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142853389","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q744778","display_name":"Association (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3034999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74909509","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10387","display_name":"Gerontology","level":1,"score":0.30079999566078186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.29249998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778529449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1778909","display_name":"Patient Health Questionnaire","level":4,"score":0.28940001130104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205545832","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17156455","display_name":"Young adult","level":2,"score":0.2736999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.25119999051094055}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckag169.1960","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckag169.1960","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckag169.1960","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/eurpub/article-pdf/36/Supplement_5/ckag169.1960/72466504/ckag169.1960.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210220588","display_name":"European Journal of Public Health","issn_l":"1101-1262","issn":["1101-1262","1464-360X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","doyens","fnege-4","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"European Journal of Public Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13699742","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13699742/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13699742/pdf/ckag169.1960.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Eur J Public Health","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckag169.1960","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckag169.1960","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckag169.1960","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/eurpub/article-pdf/36/Supplement_5/ckag169.1960/72466504/ckag169.1960.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210220588","display_name":"European Journal of Public Health","issn_l":"1101-1262","issn":["1101-1262","1464-360X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","doyens","fnege-4","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"European Journal of Public Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":1.0},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5","display_name":"Gender equality","score":0.6025999784469604},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.5676000118255615}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7223648331.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7223648331.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3126787755","https://openalex.org/W7223685985","https://openalex.org/W4223922425","https://openalex.org/W2085681500","https://openalex.org/W2377065743","https://openalex.org/W3086428825","https://openalex.org/W1983214246","https://openalex.org/W2520120659","https://openalex.org/W4404036829","https://openalex.org/W4286208178"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Background":[1],"Depression":[2,67,111,182,251],"is":[3,183,194,212,252],"common":[4,196,254],"among":[5,40,115,119,186,255],"people":[6,187],"living":[7,188,257],"with":[8,38,77,129,146,162,189,215,233,258],"HIV":[9,190,246,259],"(PWH)":[10],"and":[11,16,91,108,117,193,217,226],"adversely":[12],"affects":[13],"treatment":[14],"outcomes":[15],"quality":[17],"of":[18,50,62,149,270],"life.":[19],"Determinants":[20,205],"may":[21],"differ":[22,206],"by":[23,207],"gender,":[24],"yet":[25],"evidence":[26],"from":[27,59],"Central":[28],"Asia":[29],"remains":[30],"limited.":[31],"This":[32],"study":[33,49],"assessed":[34,69],"gender-specific":[35,241],"factors":[36,225],"associated":[37,128,145,161,214],"depression":[39,130,150,164,211],"PWH":[41,52],"in":[42,191,197,200,202,209,221,260],"Kazakhstan.":[43,66,262],"Methods":[44],"We":[45],"conducted":[46],"a":[47,174,229],"cross-sectional":[48],"196":[51],"(83":[53],"women,":[54,142,210],"113":[55],"men)":[56],"randomly":[57],"selected":[58],"the":[60,71,238,268],"registry":[61],"Almaty":[63],"AIDS":[64],"center,":[65],"was":[68,80,113,127,144,160],"using":[70],"PHQ-9":[72],"(score":[73],">5).":[74],"Poisson":[75],"regression":[76],"robust":[78],"variance":[79],"used":[81],"to":[82],"estimate":[83],"adjusted":[84],"prevalence":[85,112,148,165],"ratios":[86],"(aPRs)":[87],"separately":[88],"for":[89,240],"women":[90,116,201],"men.":[92,120],"Independent":[93],"variables":[94],"included":[95],"HIV-related":[96],"stigma,":[97],"perceived":[98,125],"stress":[99,126],"(PSS-10),":[100],"socioeconomic":[101,218],"factors,":[102,219],"health":[103,243,273],"behaviors,":[104],"antiretroviral":[105],"therapy":[106],"adherence,":[107],"comorbidities.":[109],"Results":[110],"27.7%":[114],"36.3%":[118],"In":[121],"both":[122],"groups,":[123],"higher":[124,163],"(women:":[131],"aPR=1.15;":[132],"95%":[133,138,152,167,178],"CI:":[134,139,153,168,179],"1.07\u20131.23;":[135],"men:":[136],"aPR=1.09;":[137],"1.03\u20131.15).":[140],"Among":[141,155],"employment":[143],"lower":[147],"(aPR=0.44;":[151],"0.21\u20130.90).":[154],"men,":[156,222],"hazardous":[157],"alcohol":[158],"use":[159],"(aPR=1.92;":[166],"1.11\u20133.34),":[169],"while":[170,220],"chronic":[171],"disease":[172],"showed":[173],"borderline":[175],"association":[176],"(aPR=1.97;":[177],"1.00\u20133.90).":[180],"Conclusions":[181],"highly":[184],"prevalent":[185],"Kazakhstan":[192],"more":[195,253],"men":[198,256],"than":[199],"our":[203],"sample.":[204],"gender:":[208],"primarily":[213],"psychosocial":[216],"behavioral":[223],"risk":[224],"comorbidities":[227],"play":[228],"greater":[230],"role,":[231],"along":[232],"stress.":[234],"These":[235],"findings":[236],"highlight":[237],"need":[239],"mental":[242,272],"interventions":[244],"within":[245],"treatment.":[247],"Key":[248],"messages":[249],"\u2022":[250,263],"Almaty,":[261],"Gender-specific":[264],"approaches":[265],"should":[266],"inform":[267],"development":[269],"individualized":[271],"interventions.":[274]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-10-27T00:00:00"}
