{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7223552272","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23631417","title":"Artificial Intelligence and Criminal Liability: The Incompatibility of Autonomous Decision-Making Systems with the Mens Rea Requirement","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence and Criminal Liability: The Incompatibility of Autonomous Decision-Making Systems with the Mens Rea Requirement","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-06-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7223552272","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23631417"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:ojs2.journal.sah.co.id:article/46","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://journal.sah.co.id/index.php/JHSRT/article/view/46","pdf_url":"https://journal.sah.co.id/index.php/JHSRT/article/download/46/38","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407097615","display_name":"Jurnal Hukum Siber dan Regulasi Teknologi","issn_l":"3123-8114","issn":["3123-8114"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"3123-8114","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://journal.sah.co.id/index.php/JHSRT/article/download/46/38","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159471803","display_name":"Sonali Kumari Sonali","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sonali, Sonali Kumari","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159570404","display_name":"Usha Shree Parija","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Parija, Usha Shree","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13364","display_name":"Digitalization, Law, and Regulation","score":0.6317999958992004,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13364","display_name":"Digitalization, Law, and Regulation","score":0.6317999958992004,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13376","display_name":"Criminal Law and Policy","score":0.20569999516010284,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13643","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Law","score":0.06530000269412994,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"artificial intelligence","score":0.9490000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/criminal-liability","display_name":"criminal liability","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mens-rea","display_name":"criminal intent","score":0.9309999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autonomous-decision-making-systems","display_name":"autonomous decision-making systems","score":0.925000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bharatiya-nyaya-sanhita-2023","display_name":"Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023","score":0.9089999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/legal-personhood-of-ai","display_name":"legal personhood of AI","score":0.8040000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/moral-agency","display_name":"moral agency","score":0.9589999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/developer-liability","display_name":"developer liability","score":0.5899999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/negligence","display_name":"negligence","score":0.7170000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/indian-criminal-law","display_name":"Indian criminal law","score":0.796999990940094}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152588399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1048403","display_name":"Mens rea","level":3,"score":0.6600000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202565627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146491","display_name":"Criminal law","level":2,"score":0.5807999968528748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776007630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2798912","display_name":"Accountability","level":2,"score":0.5759999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158129432","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7766927","display_name":"Statutory law","level":2,"score":0.49959999322891235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39389867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380767","display_name":"Corporate governance","level":2,"score":0.4771000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.4693000018596649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777834853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96776939","display_name":"Liability","level":2,"score":0.45989999175071716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.44839999079704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.43059998750686646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102587632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117488","display_name":"Criminal justice","level":2,"score":0.430400013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3643999993801117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108170787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3951828","display_name":"Agency (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.3513999879360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778061430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188823","display_name":"Scholarship","level":2,"score":0.32199999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59149807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q705497","display_name":"Strict liability","level":3,"score":0.3172000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199286143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1404417","display_name":"Legal liability","level":3,"score":0.30219998955726624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992398822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1404417","display_name":"Criminal liability","level":3,"score":0.2955999970436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117660856","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1964968","display_name":"Criminal investigation","level":2,"score":0.29159998893737793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777363581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15098235","display_name":"Harm","level":2,"score":0.2892000079154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183763965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q603959","display_name":"Proportionality (law)","level":2,"score":0.2799000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.27959999442100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.272599995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200635333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q158970","display_name":"Tort","level":3,"score":0.2703999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169437150","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8458","display_name":"Human rights","level":2,"score":0.25540000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83645499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q285466","display_name":"Punitive damages","level":2,"score":0.25049999356269836}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:ojs2.journal.sah.co.id:article/46","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://journal.sah.co.id/index.php/JHSRT/article/view/46","pdf_url":"https://journal.sah.co.id/index.php/JHSRT/article/download/46/38","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407097615","display_name":"Jurnal Hukum Siber dan Regulasi Teknologi","issn_l":"3123-8114","issn":["3123-8114"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"3123-8114","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.23631417","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23631417","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23631417","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.23631418","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23631418","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23631418","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.23633382","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23633382","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23633382","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:ojs2.journal.sah.co.id:article/46","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://journal.sah.co.id/index.php/JHSRT/article/view/46","pdf_url":"https://journal.sah.co.id/index.php/JHSRT/article/download/46/38","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407097615","display_name":"Jurnal Hukum Siber dan Regulasi Teknologi","issn_l":"3123-8114","issn":["3123-8114"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"3123-8114","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.9595999717712402}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7223552272.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7223552272.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7215306299","https://openalex.org/W4409557694","https://openalex.org/W7131800877","https://openalex.org/W7148714974","https://openalex.org/W7128613672","https://openalex.org/W4415762063","https://openalex.org/W4403956274","https://openalex.org/W7213985537","https://openalex.org/W4413293806","https://openalex.org/W7216790888"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,136,186],"increasing":[1],"deployment":[2],"of":[3,29,43,67,79,126,188,201,230],"Artificial":[4],"Intelligence":[5],"(AI)":[6],"in":[7,23,192],"autonomous":[8],"decision-making":[9],"systems":[10,37],"has":[11],"generated":[12],"complex":[13],"challenges":[14],"for":[15,240],"criminal":[16,19,55,72,127,150,232],"law.":[17],"Traditional":[18],"liability":[20,128,153],"is":[21],"grounded":[22],"human":[24],"agency,":[25],"requiring":[26],"the":[27,49,64,77,80,115,202,225],"coexistence":[28],"actus":[30],"reus":[31],"and":[32,46,90,102,144,161,179,227],"mens":[33],"rea.":[34],"However,":[35],"AI":[36,58,119,140,222],"now":[38],"operate":[39],"with":[40,70,196],"varying":[41],"degrees":[42],"autonomy,":[44],"unpredictability,":[45],"opacity,":[47],"raising":[48],"fundamental":[50],"question:":[51],"who":[52],"should":[53],"bear":[54],"responsibility":[56,131],"when":[57],"causes":[59],"harm?":[60],"This":[61],"paper":[62,190],"examines":[63],"doctrinal":[65,89,199],"compatibility":[66],"AI-related":[68,242],"harm":[69],"existing":[71,183],"law":[73],"principles,":[74],"particularly":[75],"within":[76,224],"framework":[78],"Bharatiya":[81,203],"Nyaya":[82,204],"Sanhita,":[83,205],"2023":[84],"(BNS).":[85],"Using":[86],"a":[87,124,165,197,236],"qualitative":[88],"analytical":[91],"legal":[92,145],"research":[93],"methodology":[94],"based":[95],"exclusively":[96,134],"on":[97,109],"statutory":[98,184],"interpretation,":[99],"judicial":[100],"precedent,":[101],"contemporary":[103],"scholarly":[104],"literature":[105],"-":[106,114],"without":[107],"reliance":[108],"empirical":[110],"or":[111,129,215],"experimental":[112],"data":[113],"study":[116,220],"evaluates":[117],"whether":[118,130],"can":[120],"be":[121,155],"treated":[122],"as":[123],"subject":[125],"must":[132,154],"remain":[133],"human-centered.":[135],"findings":[137],"demonstrate":[138],"that":[139,210],"lacks":[141],"moral":[142],"agency":[143],"personhood,":[146],"thereby":[147,234],"preventing":[148],"direct":[149],"attribution.":[151],"Instead,":[152],"distributed":[156],"among":[157],"developers,":[158],"deployers,":[159],"corporations,":[160],"regulatory":[162,216],"authorities":[163],"through":[164],"layered":[166],"accountability":[167,223],"model":[168,239],"structured":[169],"around":[170],"developer":[171],"responsibility,":[172],"corporate":[173],"governance":[174,214],"liability,":[175],"operator":[176],"oversight":[177],"obligations,":[178],"negligence-based":[180],"attribution":[181],"under":[182],"provisions.":[185],"novelty":[187],"this":[189,219],"lies":[191],"integrating":[193],"responsibility-gap":[194],"theory":[195],"concrete":[198],"analysis":[200],"2023.":[206],"Unlike":[207],"prior":[208],"scholarship":[209],"primarily":[211],"emphasizes":[212],"ethical":[213],"policy":[217],"frameworks,":[218],"situates":[221],"punitive":[226],"blame-based":[228],"structure":[229],"substantive":[231],"law,":[233],"offering":[235],"legally":[237],"operational":[238],"addressing":[241],"harms":[243]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-06T12:05:46.655746","created_date":"2026-10-26T00:00:00"}