{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7223454366","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.10.22.26366037","title":"Overweight in children under five in urban and wealthier households in Bangladesh: trends and inequalities across three Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys, 2012-13 to 2025","display_name":"Overweight in children under five in urban and wealthier households in Bangladesh: trends and inequalities across three Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys, 2012-13 to 2025","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7223454366","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.10.22.26366037"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.10.22.26366037","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.10.22.26366037","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.10.22.26366037","pdf_url":"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2026/10/24/2026.10.22.26366037.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3005729997","display_name":"medRxiv","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2026/10/24/2026.10.22.26366037.full.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040727256","display_name":"Mohammad Khalid Hasan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6896-0767","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6896-0767"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31669788","display_name":"Independent University, Bangladesh","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbbf772","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31669788","https://openalex.org/I4405261541"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Khalid Hasan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of public health, Independent University, Bangladesh (IUB)"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6896-0767","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of public health, Independent University, Bangladesh (IUB)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31669788"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139681751","display_name":"S.M. Ashraf Ul Hoque","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4735-0989","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4735-0989"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31669788","display_name":"Independent University, Bangladesh","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbbf772","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31669788","https://openalex.org/I4405261541"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"S. M. Ashraf Ul Hoque","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of public health, Independent University, Bangladesh (IUB)"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4735-0989","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of public health, Independent University, Bangladesh (IUB)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31669788"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101758136","display_name":"Khairul Islam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8871-6270","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8871-6270"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96369009","display_name":"Dhaka Medical College and Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/0150ewf57","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96369009"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Md Khairul Islam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medicine, Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8871-6270","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medicine, Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96369009"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5127852649","display_name":"Ashika Sultana","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4857-5378","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4857-5378"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ashika Sultana","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Community Medicine, International Medical College(IMC), Gazipur"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4857-5378","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Community Medicine, International Medical College(IMC), Gazipur","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159455994","display_name":"Tanvir Ahmed","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088770","display_name":"Ibrahim Cardiac Hospital & Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/008971d44","country_code":"BD","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210088770"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tanvir Ahmed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of vascular surgery, Ibrahim Cardiac Hospital & Research Institute, Dhaka"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of vascular surgery, Ibrahim Cardiac Hospital & Research Institute, Dhaka","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088770"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008589655","display_name":"Kamran Ul Baset","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8701-2618","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8701-2618"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31669788","display_name":"Independent University, Bangladesh","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbbf772","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31669788","https://openalex.org/I4405261541"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kamran ul Baset","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of public health, Independent University, Bangladesh (IUB)"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8701-2618","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of public health, Independent University, Bangladesh (IUB)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31669788"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5139681751"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31669788"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10010","display_name":"Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet","score":0.8320000171661377,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10010","display_name":"Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet","score":0.8320000171661377,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10596","display_name":"Child Nutrition and Water Access","score":0.14890000224113464,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2916","display_name":"Nutrition and Dietetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/29","display_name":"Nursing"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14495","display_name":"Public Health and Nutrition","score":0.006099999882280827,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2735","display_name":"Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/childhood-overweight","display_name":"childhood overweight","score":0.9860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/children-under-five","display_name":"children under five","score":0.7250000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-rural-disparities","display_name":"urban-rural disparities","score":0.6259999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/household-wealth-inequality","display_name":"household wealth inequality","score":0.8700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nutrition-transition","display_name":"nutrition transition","score":0.9279999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/weight-for-height-z-score","display_name":"weight-for-height z-score","score":0.8460000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/temporal-trends","display_name":"temporal trends","score":0.6499999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bangladesh","display_name":"Bangladesh","score":0.4129999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dhaka","display_name":"Dhaka","score":0.5389999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiple-indicator-cluster-surveys","display_name":"Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys","score":0.6930000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/child-growth-monitoring","display_name":"child growth monitoring","score":0.4359999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overweight-prevalence","display_name":"overweight prevalence","score":0.4259999990463257}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q332428","display_name":"Overweight","level":3,"score":0.9336000084877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776269092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1611074","display_name":"Residence","level":2,"score":0.7576000094413757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61427482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6656244","display_name":"Anthropometry","level":2,"score":0.6754000186920166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.5824000239372253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779764123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7972881","display_name":"Wasting","level":2,"score":0.5612999796867371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164866538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367351","display_name":"Cluster (spacecraft)","level":2,"score":0.5374000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.529699981212616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45555294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28113351","display_name":"Inequality","level":2,"score":0.4778999984264374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780221984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131191","display_name":"Body mass index","level":2,"score":0.462799996137619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.45080000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129047720","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175185","display_name":"Rural area","level":2,"score":0.3776000142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.3370000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C511355011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12174","display_name":"Obesity","level":2,"score":0.3357999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.32510000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142052008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q954027","display_name":"Cross-sectional study","level":2,"score":0.3197999894618988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96250715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965330","display_name":"Estimation","level":2,"score":0.31869998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152877465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208042","display_name":"Regression analysis","level":2,"score":0.289000004529953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83864248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177323","display_name":"Developing country","level":2,"score":0.27790001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82789193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2142611","display_name":"Relative risk","level":3,"score":0.27570000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256382","display_name":"Psychological intervention","level":2,"score":0.251800000667572}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.10.22.26366037","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.10.22.26366037","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.10.22.26366037","pdf_url":"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2026/10/24/2026.10.22.26366037.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3005729997","display_name":"medRxiv","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.10.22.26366037","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.10.22.26366037","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.10.22.26366037","pdf_url":"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2026/10/24/2026.10.22.26366037.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3005729997","display_name":"medRxiv","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9537000060081482,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"},{"score":0.7578999996185303,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"},{"score":0.5142999887466431,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7223454366.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7223454366.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2052654293","https://openalex.org/W2112669742","https://openalex.org/W2134178835","https://openalex.org/W2161643046","https://openalex.org/W2214691690","https://openalex.org/W2275737843","https://openalex.org/W2561876588","https://openalex.org/W2762689525","https://openalex.org/W2939373205","https://openalex.org/W2972158159","https://openalex.org/W2995164493","https://openalex.org/W3043577348","https://openalex.org/W4382777170","https://openalex.org/W4386624147","https://openalex.org/W4407092564","https://openalex.org/W7117661369"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2994670896","https://openalex.org/W3112508058","https://openalex.org/W4413116352","https://openalex.org/W7214551102","https://openalex.org/W2078349673","https://openalex.org/W2116648806","https://openalex.org/W3158744096","https://openalex.org/W2939373205","https://openalex.org/W1867808617","https://openalex.org/W3030514827"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Background":[1],"Childhood":[2,255],"overweight":[3,26,123,156,249,256],"is":[4],"often":[5],"expected":[6],"to":[7,76,218,230,242],"emerge":[8],"first":[9],"among":[10],"urban":[11,35,96,147,271],"and":[12,27,34,67,88,92,107,117,136,158,170,190,211,234,273,284],"wealthier":[13],"populations":[14],"during":[15],"the":[16,28,57,77,279],"nutrition":[17],"transition.":[18],"However,":[19],"evidence":[20,195],"on":[21],"temporal":[22,197],"trends":[23],"in":[24,37,130,134,139,146,209,214,221],"childhood":[25],"independent":[29],"contributions":[30],"of":[31,64,178,196,248],"household":[32,105],"wealth":[33,90,106,181,264],"residence":[36,99,272],"Bangladesh":[38,58],"remains":[39],"limited.":[40],"Methods":[41],"We":[42,83,111],"analysed":[43],"data":[44,115],"from":[45,56,240],"63,972":[46],"children":[47,250],"aged":[48],"0-59":[49],"months":[50],"with":[51,193,270],"valid":[52],"weight-for-height":[53],"z-scores":[54],"(WHZ)":[55],"Multiple":[59],"Indicator":[60],"Cluster":[61],"Surveys":[62],"(MICS)":[63],"2012-13,":[65,131],"2019":[66,135,142,233],"2025.":[68,140,222],"Overweight":[69],"was":[70,125,144,161,167,206],"defined":[71],"as":[72],"WHZ":[73,159,224],">+2":[74],"according":[75],"2006":[78],"WHO":[79],"Child":[80],"Growth":[81],"Standards.":[82],"estimated":[84],"survey-weighted":[85],"prevalence,":[86],"absolute":[87],"relative":[89,176],"inequalities,":[91],"prevalence":[93,124,166,204,238],"ratios":[94],"for":[95,104,180,281],"versus":[97],"rural":[98],"using":[100],"regression":[101],"models":[102],"adjusted":[103,175],"other":[108],"measured":[109],"characteristics.":[110],"also":[112,252],"assessed":[113],"anthropometric":[114,286],"quality":[116,277,287],"conducted":[118],"sensitivity":[119],"analyses.":[120],"Results":[121],"National":[122],"1.6%":[126],"(95%":[127,228],"CI":[128],"1.4-1.9)":[129],"2.4%":[132],"(2.2-2.7)":[133],"1.7%":[137],"(1.5-2.0)":[138],"The":[141,173,201,267],"peak":[143],"concentrated":[145],"Dhaka":[148],"district,":[149],"where":[150],"one":[151],"measurer":[152],"recorded":[153],"all":[154],"67":[155],"cases":[157],"variability":[160],"high.":[162],"Excluding":[163],"this":[164],"area,":[165],"1.5%,":[168],"1.9%":[169],"1.7%,":[171],"respectively.":[172],"fully":[174],"index":[177],"inequality":[179],"remained":[182],"similar":[183],"across":[184],"surveys:":[185],"3.66":[186],"(1.93-6.93),":[187],"3.55":[188],"(2.21-5.71)":[189],"3.35":[191],"(2.02-5.54),":[192],"no":[194,258],"change":[198],"(interaction":[199],"p=0.974).":[200],"wealth-adjusted":[202],"urban-to-rural":[203],"ratio":[205],"1.44":[207],"(1.01-2.06)":[208],"2012-13":[210],"1.77":[212],"(1.40-2.24)":[213],"2019,":[215],"then":[216],"fell":[217],"0.72":[219],"(0.54-0.95)":[220],"Mean":[223],"decreased":[225],"by":[226],"0.16":[227],"CI-0.19":[229],"-0.13)":[231],"between":[232],"2025,":[235,245],"while":[236],"wasting":[237],"increased":[239],"9.8%":[241],"12.9%.":[243],"In":[244],"41.4%":[246],"(35.3-47.7)":[247],"were":[251],"stunted.":[253],"Conclusions":[254],"showed":[257],"sustained":[259],"national":[260],"increase,":[261],"but":[262],"persistent":[263],"inequalities":[265],"remained.":[266],"changing":[268],"association":[269],"concerns":[274],"about":[275],"measurement":[276],"highlight":[278],"need":[280],"continued":[282],"surveillance":[283],"stronger":[285],"assurance.":[288]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2026-10-25T00:00:00"}