{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7223449247","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-75859-5","title":"Rolling optimal dispatch method for virtual power plants integrating secondary and tertiary frequency regulation","display_name":"Rolling optimal dispatch method for virtual power plants integrating secondary and tertiary frequency regulation","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7223449247","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-75859-5"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-026-75859-5","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-75859-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-75859-5","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-75859-5_reference.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196734849","display_name":"Scientific Reports","issn_l":"2045-2322","issn":["2045-2322"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-75859-5_reference.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159382655","display_name":"Zhiwei Li","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17442442","display_name":"State Grid Corporation of China (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/05twwhs70","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17442442"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiwei Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Grid Anhui Electric Power Co., Ltd., Economic and Technological Research Institute, Hefei, 230022, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Grid Anhui Electric Power Co., Ltd., Economic and Technological Research Institute, Hefei, 230022, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17442442"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159427202","display_name":"Liang Zhu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17442442","display_name":"State Grid Corporation of China (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/05twwhs70","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17442442"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liang Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Grid Anhui Electric Power Co., Ltd., Economic and Technological Research Institute, Hefei, 230022, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Grid Anhui Electric Power Co., Ltd., Economic and Technological Research Institute, Hefei, 230022, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17442442"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159467739","display_name":"Xijun Ren","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17442442","display_name":"State Grid Corporation of China (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/05twwhs70","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17442442"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xijun Ren","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Grid Anhui Electric Power Co., Ltd., Economic and Technological Research Institute, Hefei, 230022, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Grid Anhui Electric Power Co., Ltd., Economic and Technological Research Institute, Hefei, 230022, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17442442"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159384725","display_name":"Li Zhang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17442442","display_name":"State Grid Corporation of China (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/05twwhs70","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17442442"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Grid Anhui Electric Power Co., Ltd., Economic and Technological Research Institute, Hefei, 230022, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Grid Anhui Electric Power Co., Ltd., Economic and Technological Research Institute, Hefei, 230022, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17442442"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103017821","display_name":"Qianlong Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9913-046X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9913-046X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143868143","display_name":"Anhui University","ror":"https://ror.org/05th6yx34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Qianlong Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5146671420","display_name":"Wenxuan Zhang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143868143","display_name":"Anhui University","ror":"https://ror.org/05th6yx34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenxuan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5103017821"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"],"apc_list":{"value":2690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2690},"apc_paid":{"value":2690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2690},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.6991392,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9545999765396118,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9545999765396118,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10424","display_name":"Electric Power System Optimization","score":0.023399999365210533,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12277","display_name":"Frequency Control in Power Systems","score":0.010599999688565731,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-power-plants","display_name":"virtual power plants","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/secondary-frequency-control","display_name":"secondary frequency control","score":0.8560000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-energy-resources","display_name":"distributed energy resources","score":0.9639999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demand-side-flexibility","display_name":"demand-side flexibility","score":0.718999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-objective-optimization","display_name":"multi-objective optimization","score":0.7450000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nsga-ii","display_name":"NSGA-II","score":0.8500000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pareto-front","display_name":"Pareto front","score":0.5879999995231628}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137635306","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182667","display_name":"Pareto principle","level":2,"score":0.7105000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187633118","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1317949","display_name":"Economic dispatch","level":4,"score":0.6980000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6603000164031982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776033628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q785102","display_name":"Virtual power plant","level":4,"score":0.6064000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.5990999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.47380000352859497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779438525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5255048","display_name":"Demand response","level":3,"score":0.4596000015735626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.4406999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983304839","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1747997","display_name":"Frequency regulation","level":4,"score":0.4309000074863434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.40119999647140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68781425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2052203","display_name":"Multi-objective optimization","level":2,"score":0.3682999908924103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.3549000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45872418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5318966","display_name":"Dynamic demand","level":3,"score":0.34470000863075256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778763806","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4826572","display_name":"Automatic Generation Control","level":4,"score":0.3434000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25915539","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220786","display_name":"Automatic frequency control","level":2,"score":0.3084999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986314615","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36829","display_name":"Pareto optimal","level":3,"score":0.29670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544738498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q861135","display_name":"Distributed generation","level":3,"score":0.28209999203681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.2703999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983317576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1853339","display_name":"Power demand","level":4,"score":0.26989999413490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.2621000111103058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780609101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17156588","display_name":"Resource management (computing)","level":2,"score":0.257999986410141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.2563999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29202148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287260","display_name":"Resource allocation","level":2,"score":0.25600001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.2526000142097473}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-026-75859-5","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-75859-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-75859-5","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-75859-5_reference.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196734849","display_name":"Scientific Reports","issn_l":"2045-2322","issn":["2045-2322"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-026-75859-5","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-75859-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-75859-5","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-75859-5_reference.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196734849","display_name":"Scientific Reports","issn_l":"2045-2322","issn":["2045-2322"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8485000133514404,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"},{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.7207000255584717,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335967","display_name":"Science and Technology Project of State Grid","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7223449247.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7223449247.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":1,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4317397664"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4413926050","https://openalex.org/W6925715112","https://openalex.org/W4407450158","https://openalex.org/W4408823449","https://openalex.org/W7116877221","https://openalex.org/W4392135047","https://openalex.org/W7119344886","https://openalex.org/W4417250301","https://openalex.org/W6959747921","https://openalex.org/W4394742462"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"demand":[1],"side":[2],"of":[3,50,67,76,151],"modern":[4],"power":[5,16],"systems":[6],"contains":[7],"abundant":[8],"flexible":[9],"resources":[10,54],"that,":[11],"when":[12],"aggregated":[13],"via":[14],"virtual":[15],"plants":[17],"(VPPs),":[18],"can":[19,145],"help":[20],"alleviate":[21],"the":[22,47,65,70,99,105,122,137,148],"grid\u2019s":[23],"frequency":[24,44,80],"regulation":[25,81],"(FR)":[26],"burden.":[27],"In":[28],"this":[29],"paper,":[30],"we":[31],"propose":[32],"a":[33,111],"rolling":[34,116,154],"optimal":[35,117,155],"dispatch":[36,118,156],"method":[37],"for":[38,60,88,157],"VPPs":[39],"integrating":[40],"secondary":[41,77],"and":[42,64,73,78,108,114,121,141,159],"tertiary":[43,79],"regulation.":[45],"First,":[46],"adjustable":[48],"capacity":[49],"various":[51],"distributed":[52],"energy":[53],"(DERs)":[55],"is":[56,119,125],"quantified":[57],"by":[58],"accounting":[59],"their":[61],"operational":[62],"characteristics":[63,72],"effects":[66],"uncertainty.":[68],"Secondly,":[69],"technical":[71],"market":[74],"mechanisms":[75],"are":[82],"analyzed":[83],"to":[84,90,127,162],"formulate":[85],"objective":[86],"functions":[87],"DERs":[89],"jointly":[91],"participate":[92],"in":[93],"these":[94],"services,":[95],"as":[96,98],"well":[97],"response":[100,139],"strategy.":[101],"Finally,":[102],"based":[103],"on":[104],"proposed":[106,138],"strategy":[107,140,163],"optimization":[109,143],"model,":[110],"two-stage":[112],"day-ahead":[113],"intra-day":[115],"implemented,":[120],"NSGA-II":[123],"algorithm":[124],"employed":[126],"achieve":[128],"Pareto":[129],"frontier":[130],"solutions.":[131],"Case":[132],"study":[133],"results":[134],"demonstrate":[135],"that":[136],"multi-objective":[142],"model":[144],"fully":[146],"exploit":[147],"regulatory":[149],"potential":[150],"DERs,":[152],"enabling":[153],"FR":[158],"dynamic":[160],"adjustments":[161],"parameters.":[164]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-10-25T00:00:00"}