{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7223392365","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21037/cdt-2026-0368","title":"Patent foramen ovale and stroke: from diagnosis to treatment\u2014a clinical practice review","display_name":"Patent foramen ovale and stroke: from diagnosis to treatment\u2014a clinical practice review","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7223392365","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21037/cdt-2026-0368","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42990987","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13735875"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.21037/cdt-2026-0368","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21037/cdt-2026-0368","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21037/cdt-2026-0368","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764634846","display_name":"Cardiovascular Diagnosis and Therapy","issn_l":"2223-3652","issn":["2223-3652","2223-3660"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310321814","host_organization_name":"AME Publishing Company","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310321814"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["AME Publishing Company"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cardiovascular Diagnosis and Therapy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.21037/cdt-2026-0368","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066222445","display_name":"Cheuk Bong Ho","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9481-6390","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9481-6390"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166598","display_name":"Queen Elizabeth Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/05ee2qy47","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294586568","https://openalex.org/I4210166598"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cheuk Bong Ho","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166598"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100203932","display_name":"Calvin Leung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8272-7976","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8272-7976"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166598","display_name":"Queen Elizabeth Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/05ee2qy47","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294586568","https://openalex.org/I4210166598"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Calvin Leung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166598"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063235449","display_name":"Hon Yeung Ko","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4900-2204","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4900-2204"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166598","display_name":"Queen Elizabeth Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/05ee2qy47","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294586568","https://openalex.org/I4210166598"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hon Yeung Ko","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166598"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159346889","display_name":"Po Kwan Ng","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166598","display_name":"Queen Elizabeth Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/05ee2qy47","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294586568","https://openalex.org/I4210166598"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Po Kwan Ng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166598"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159325785","display_name":"Kevin Wai Ching Lun","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166598","display_name":"Queen Elizabeth Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/05ee2qy47","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294586568","https://openalex.org/I4210166598"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kevin Wai Ching Lun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166598"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070216664","display_name":"Michael Chi Shing Chiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2207-7378","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2207-7378"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166598","display_name":"Queen Elizabeth Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/05ee2qy47","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294586568","https://openalex.org/I4210166598"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Chi Shing Chiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166598"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159312383","display_name":"Shing Fung Chui","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166598","display_name":"Queen Elizabeth Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/05ee2qy47","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294586568","https://openalex.org/I4210166598"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shing Fung Chui","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166598"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009291467","display_name":"Michael Kang-yin Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7074-2347","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7074-2347"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166598","display_name":"Queen Elizabeth Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/05ee2qy47","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294586568","https://openalex.org/I4210166598"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Kang Yin Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166598"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004875872","display_name":"Chi Yuen Wong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5030-3216","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5030-3216"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166598","display_name":"Queen Elizabeth Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/05ee2qy47","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294586568","https://openalex.org/I4210166598"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chi Yuen Wong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166598"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166598"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.6085117,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"5","first_page":"90","last_page":"90"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11579","display_name":"Cardiovascular and Diving-Related Complications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11579","display_name":"Cardiovascular and Diving-Related Complications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10065","display_name":"Atrial Fibrillation Management and Outcomes","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10227","display_name":"Acute Ischemic Stroke Management","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Clinical Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/patent-foramen-ovale","display_name":"patent foramen ovale","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptogenic-stroke","display_name":"cryptogenic stroke","score":0.9810000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/patent-foramen-ovale-closure","display_name":"PFO closure","score":0.9760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/patient-selection","display_name":"patient selection","score":0.597000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/residual-shunt","display_name":"residual shunt","score":0.7699999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/device-sizing","display_name":"device sizing","score":0.7110000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anticoagulation","display_name":"anticoagulation","score":0.925000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/young-stroke-patients","display_name":"young stroke patients","score":0.6129999756813049}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.968999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776893843","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757749","display_name":"Patent foramen ovale","level":3,"score":0.9538999795913696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780645631","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q671554","display_name":"Stroke (engine)","level":2,"score":0.713100016117096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146834321","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2979672","display_name":"Closure (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5526000261306763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779161974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815819","display_name":"Atrial fibrillation","level":2,"score":0.5066999793052673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779974597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28448986","display_name":"Clinical Practice","level":2,"score":0.49570000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020404979","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058438","display_name":"Risk stratification","level":2,"score":0.4521999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177713679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690","display_name":"Intensive care medicine","level":1,"score":0.44029998779296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780084366","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demographics","level":2,"score":0.38749998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C535046627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30612","display_name":"Clinical trial","level":2,"score":0.36489999294281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168563851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1436668","display_name":"Randomized controlled trial","level":2,"score":0.3521000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138944611","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1163287","display_name":"Clearance","level":2,"score":0.3422999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107130276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133805","display_name":"Epidemiology","level":2,"score":0.3366999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779695227","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7134468","display_name":"Paradoxical embolism","level":4,"score":0.32899999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141071460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821","display_name":"Surgery","level":1,"score":0.32440000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187212893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123028","display_name":"Pediatrics","level":1,"score":0.3163999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164705383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10379","display_name":"Cardiology","level":1,"score":0.3116999864578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.3068999946117401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019417119","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1773974","display_name":"Secondary prevention","level":2,"score":0.3025999963283539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018420344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q155207","display_name":"Case selection","level":2,"score":0.28139999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020200829","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12202","display_name":"Stroke risk","level":4,"score":0.2745000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40423286","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q284172","display_name":"Selection bias","level":2,"score":0.27309998869895935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.26350000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.25769999623298645}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.21037/cdt-2026-0368","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21037/cdt-2026-0368","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21037/cdt-2026-0368","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764634846","display_name":"Cardiovascular Diagnosis and Therapy","issn_l":"2223-3652","issn":["2223-3652","2223-3660"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310321814","host_organization_name":"AME Publishing Company","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310321814"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["AME Publishing Company"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cardiovascular Diagnosis and Therapy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13735875","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13735875/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13735875/pdf/cdt-16-5-90.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cardiovasc Diagn Ther","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:42990987","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42990987","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cardiovascular diagnosis and therapy","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.21037/cdt-2026-0368","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21037/cdt-2026-0368","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21037/cdt-2026-0368","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764634846","display_name":"Cardiovascular Diagnosis and Therapy","issn_l":"2223-3652","issn":["2223-3652","2223-3660"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310321814","host_organization_name":"AME Publishing Company","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310321814"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["AME Publishing Company"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cardiovascular Diagnosis and Therapy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":1.0}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7223392365.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7223392365.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":2,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W163339848","https://openalex.org/W2396124142"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2802435957","https://openalex.org/W4388862793","https://openalex.org/W2940258281","https://openalex.org/W2961185453","https://openalex.org/W4322774196","https://openalex.org/W2809739181","https://openalex.org/W2777641327","https://openalex.org/W2794798169","https://openalex.org/W2885587586","https://openalex.org/W7203639137"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Patent":[0],"foramen":[1],"ovale":[2],"(PFO)":[3],"is":[4,144,152,163,183,197],"present":[5],"in":[6,18,33,64,74,126,188],"25%":[7],"of":[8,26,71,160],"the":[9,94,115,189,194],"general":[10],"population.":[11],"However,":[12],"its":[13],"prevalence":[14],"increases":[15],"to":[16,39,59,85,93,113,123,132,146],"50-60%":[17],"young":[19,75],"cryptogenic":[20,221],"stroke":[21,35,62,76,95,99,151,222],"patients.":[22],"Early":[23],"randomized":[24],"trials":[25],"PFO":[27,54,72,111,135,161,181,216],"closure":[28,55,73,162,182,217],"shows":[29],"no":[30],"significant":[31],"improvement":[32],"future":[34,61],"risk,":[36],"largely":[37],"owing":[38],"suboptimal":[40],"patient":[41,107],"selection":[42,49,174],"and":[43,50,82,173,186,214],"limited":[44],"power.":[45],"With":[46],"careful":[47],"case":[48],"longer":[51],"follow-up":[52],"time,":[53],"has":[56,120],"been":[57,121],"shown":[58,122],"improve":[60,212],"events":[63],"multiple":[65],"landmark":[66],"trials.":[67],"Therefore,":[68],"current":[69],"practice":[70],"patients":[77,128,149,223],"emphasizes":[78],"on":[79,205],"diagnostic":[80],"workup":[81],"risk":[83,103],"stratification,":[84],"better":[86],"classify":[87],"which":[88],"PFOs":[89],"are":[90,130],"likely":[91,131,153],"contributing":[92],"etiology.":[96],"The":[97],"PFO-associated":[98],"causal":[100,117],"likelihood":[101],"(PASCAL)":[102],"stratification":[104],"system":[105],"combines":[106],"underlying":[108],"demographics":[109],"with":[110,166],"anatomy":[112],"determine":[114],"PFO-stroke":[116],"relationship.":[118],"It":[119],"be":[124],"effective":[125],"distinguishing":[127],"who":[129],"benefit":[133,219],"from":[134],"closure.":[136],"In":[137],"borderline":[138],"cases,":[139],"a":[140],"heart-brain":[141],"team":[142],"approach":[143],"advocated":[145],"further":[147,211],"identify":[148],"whose":[150],"caused":[154],"by":[155],"PFO.":[156],"Current":[157],"success":[158],"rate":[159],"nearly":[164],"100%":[165],"high":[167],"safety":[168],"profile.":[169],"Careful":[170],"device":[171,209],"sizing":[172],"minimizes":[175],"residual":[176],"shunt.":[177],"Atrial":[178],"fibrillation":[179],"after":[180,193,224],"mostly":[184],"transient":[185],"occurs":[187],"first":[190],"3":[191],"months":[192],"procedure.":[195],"Anticoagulation":[196],"generally":[198],"not":[199],"necessary.":[200],"Future":[201],"studies":[202],"should":[203],"focus":[204],"bioresorbable":[206],"or":[207],"suture-based":[208],"would":[210],"outcome,":[213],"whether":[215],"could":[218],"elderly":[220],"comprehensive":[225],"evaluation.":[226]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2026-10-24T00:00:00"}
