{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7223392010","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jamiaopen/ooag207","title":"Multilingual evaluation of a large language model-based primary care chatbot","display_name":"Multilingual evaluation of a large language model-based primary care chatbot","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7223392010","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jamiaopen/ooag207","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42245029","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13232387"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/jamiaopen/ooag207","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jamiaopen/ooag207","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jamiaopen/ooag207","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/jamiaopen/article-pdf/9/5/ooag207/72447732/ooag207.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210237468","display_name":"JAMIA Open","issn_l":"2574-2531","issn":["2574-2531"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","doyens","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-20","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311647","host_organization_name":"University of Oxford","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"JAMIA Open","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://academic.oup.com/jamiaopen/article-pdf/9/5/ooag207/72447732/ooag207.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135371104","display_name":"Pei-Lun Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6680-4746","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6680-4746","https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9061-3399"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pei-Lun Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pennsylvania AI-4-AI Lab, , 3700 Hamilton Walk , Philadelphia, PA, 19104,"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9061-3399","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pennsylvania AI-4-AI Lab, , 3700 Hamilton Walk , Philadelphia, PA, 19104,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069850084","display_name":"Amogh Ananda Rao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6607-3996","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6607-3996"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amogh Ananda Rao","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pennsylvania AI-4-AI Lab, , 3700 Hamilton Walk , Philadelphia, PA, 19104,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pennsylvania AI-4-AI Lab, , 3700 Hamilton Walk , Philadelphia, PA, 19104,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000106500","display_name":"Sydney Pugh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1465-983X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1465-983X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sydney Pugh","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pennsylvania AI-4-AI Lab, , 3700 Hamilton Walk , Philadelphia, PA, 19104,"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1465-983X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pennsylvania AI-4-AI Lab, , 3700 Hamilton Walk , Philadelphia, PA, 19104,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136401603","display_name":"Yingying Lu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yingying Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Palliative and Advanced Illness Research (PAIR) Center, , 3600 Civic Center Boulevard 7th Floor East , Philadelphia, PA, 19104,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Palliative and Advanced Illness Research (PAIR) Center, , 3600 Civic Center Boulevard 7th Floor East , Philadelphia, PA, 19104,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103510353","display_name":"Kevin B. Johnson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9251-8127","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9251-8127"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kevin B Johnson","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pennsylvania AI-4-AI Lab, , 3700 Hamilton Walk , Philadelphia, PA, 19104,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pennsylvania AI-4-AI Lab, , 3700 Hamilton Walk , Philadelphia, PA, 19104,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"],"apc_list":{"value":3762,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3762},"apc_paid":{"value":3762,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3762},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7128588,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"5","first_page":"ooag207","last_page":"ooag207"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9496999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9496999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12151","display_name":"Interpreting and Communication in Healthcare","score":0.011800000444054604,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3600","display_name":"General Health Professions"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12128","display_name":"AI in Service Interactions","score":0.0066999997943639755,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1406","display_name":"Marketing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multilingual-large-language-models","display_name":"multilingual large language models","score":0.7799999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pre-visit-planning","display_name":"pre-visit planning","score":0.9509999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gpt-4o","display_name":"GPT-4o","score":0.9139999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistic-equity","display_name":"language equity","score":0.4779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mandarin-chinese","display_name":"Mandarin Chinese","score":0.8149999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spanish-language","display_name":"Spanish language","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hindi","display_name":"Hindi","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chatbot-usability","display_name":"chatbot usability","score":0.5789999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trust-in-chatbots","display_name":"trust in chatbots","score":0.7239999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perceived-ease-of-use","display_name":"perceived ease of use","score":0.9409999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task-workload","display_name":"task workload","score":0.6449999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/summary-quality","display_name":"summary quality","score":0.6420000195503235}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170130773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216378","display_name":"Usability","level":2,"score":0.847000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779041454","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q870780","display_name":"Chatbot","level":2,"score":0.7523000240325928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777200299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52943","display_name":"Conversation","level":2,"score":0.6901999711990356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111640148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q847349","display_name":"Rubric","level":2,"score":0.6351000070571899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177212765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627335","display_name":"Workflow","level":2,"score":0.5521000027656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5440000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138954614","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9192","display_name":"Mandarin Chinese","level":2,"score":0.510699987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139225968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17146354","display_name":"System usability scale","level":4,"score":0.46869999170303345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.44940000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4480000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.40709999203681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4237393","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1636686","display_name":"Web usability","level":3,"score":0.3822999894618988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171041071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36870","display_name":"First language","level":2,"score":0.3808000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.32600000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188688815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205541","display_name":"Pluralistic walkthrough","level":3,"score":0.32089999318122864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31173074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2632514","display_name":"Attractiveness","level":2,"score":0.30550000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.29440000653266907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56666940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788790","display_name":"Documentation","level":2,"score":0.2930999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.2865999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75630572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904","display_name":"Applied psychology","level":1,"score":0.27889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.26739999651908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199728807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2578557","display_name":"Equity (law)","level":2,"score":0.25949999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199033989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1318295","display_name":"Narrative","level":2,"score":0.25600001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74672266","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815859","display_name":"Language acquisition","level":2,"score":0.25290000438690186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.25029999017715454}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/jamiaopen/ooag207","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jamiaopen/ooag207","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jamiaopen/ooag207","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/jamiaopen/article-pdf/9/5/ooag207/72447732/ooag207.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210237468","display_name":"JAMIA Open","issn_l":"2574-2531","issn":["2574-2531"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","doyens","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-20","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311647","host_organization_name":"University of Oxford","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"JAMIA Open","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.05.03.26352241","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.05.03.26352241","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.05.03.26352241","pdf_url":"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2026/05/29/2026.05.03.26352241.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3005729997","display_name":"medRxiv","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmid:42245029","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42245029","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmid:42921364","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42921364","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"JAMIA open","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13232387","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42245029/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13694105","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13694105/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"JAMIA Open","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/jamiaopen/ooag207","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jamiaopen/ooag207","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jamiaopen/ooag207","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/jamiaopen/article-pdf/9/5/ooag207/72447732/ooag207.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210237468","display_name":"JAMIA Open","issn_l":"2574-2531","issn":["2574-2531"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","doyens","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-20","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311647","host_organization_name":"University of Oxford","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"JAMIA Open","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8999999761581421,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3871206627","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1DP1OD035237-01","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G9000169466","display_name":"Helping Doctors Doctor: Using AI to Automate Documentation and \"De-Autonomate\" Health Care","funder_award_id":"DP1LM014558","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337372","funder_display_name":"U.S. National Library of Medicine"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337349","display_name":"NIH Office of the Director","ror":"https://ror.org/00fj8a872"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337372","display_name":"U.S. National Library of Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/0060t0j89"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7223392010.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7223392010.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2039311355","https://openalex.org/W2054431665","https://openalex.org/W2087916992","https://openalex.org/W2097189833","https://openalex.org/W2163230954","https://openalex.org/W2937816440","https://openalex.org/W2969425034","https://openalex.org/W4282914297","https://openalex.org/W4289755063","https://openalex.org/W4377093799","https://openalex.org/W4384561707","https://openalex.org/W4391995913","https://openalex.org/W4392643126","https://openalex.org/W4396736209","https://openalex.org/W4404079759","https://openalex.org/W4404528957","https://openalex.org/W4405763549","https://openalex.org/W4406873496","https://openalex.org/W4408226143","https://openalex.org/W4409250318","https://openalex.org/W4409883847","https://openalex.org/W4411801306","https://openalex.org/W4412416173","https://openalex.org/W4414416237","https://openalex.org/W4416537183","https://openalex.org/W4417167282","https://openalex.org/W6959754722"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7160044266","https://openalex.org/W4396736209","https://openalex.org/W7203640344","https://openalex.org/W4389519817","https://openalex.org/W4389519117","https://openalex.org/W4414304183","https://openalex.org/W7134860930","https://openalex.org/W4402670419","https://openalex.org/W4403579978","https://openalex.org/W7143546231"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Objective:":[0],"Large":[1,207],"language":[2,208],"model":[3],"(LLM)":[4],"chatbots":[5],"show":[6],"promise":[7],"for":[8,18,157,181],"pre-visit":[9,35,153,213],"planning,":[10],"but":[11,137,215],"their":[12,76],"English-centric":[13],"development":[14],"raises":[15],"equity":[16],"concerns":[17],"multilingual":[19,24,212],"deployment.":[20],"We":[21],"evaluated":[22],"the":[23,27,163],"capabilities":[25],"of":[26,101,203],"Primary":[28],"Care":[29],"Pre-visit":[30],"Chatbot":[31],"(PCP-Bot),":[32],"a":[33,189,200],"GPT-4o-based":[34],"chatbot,":[36],"across":[37,64,127],"English,":[38,73],"Mandarin":[39],"Chinese,":[40],"Spanish,":[41,57],"and":[42,45,58,96,112,114,123,134,142,183,222],"Hindi.":[43],"Materials":[44],"Methods:":[46],"In":[47],"this":[48],"mixed-methods":[49],"study,":[50],"31":[51],"bilingual":[52],"participants":[53],"(11":[54],"Mandarin,":[55],"10":[56,59],"Hindi)":[60],"role-played":[61],"as":[62,132],"patients":[63],"5":[65],"synthetic":[66],"primary":[67],"care":[68],"cases,":[69],"each":[70],"first":[71],"in":[72,75,146,152,162,172],"then":[74],"second":[77],"language.":[78,219],"Participants":[79,129],"completed":[80],"validated":[81],"instruments":[82],"(Bot":[83],"Usability":[84],"Scale":[85,94],"[BUS-11],":[86],"NASA":[87],"Task":[88],"Load":[89],"Index":[90],"[NASA-TLX],":[91],"Human-Computer":[92],"Trust":[93],"[HCTS],":[95],"Technology":[97],"Acceptance":[98],"Model-Perceived":[99],"Ease":[100],"Use":[102],"[TAM-PEU]),":[103],"an":[104],"adapted":[105],"summary":[106,186],"quality":[107,187],"rubric":[108],"(fluency,":[109],"adequacy,":[110],"meaning,":[111],"severity),":[113],"provided":[115],"open-ended":[116],"feedback.":[117],"Results:":[118],"=":[119],".087).":[120],"Trust,":[121],"workload,":[122],"ease-of-use":[124],"remained":[125],"consistent":[126],"languages.":[128],"described":[130],"PCP-Bot":[131],"natural":[133],"accurate":[135],"overall":[136],"reported":[138],"repetition,":[139],"transcription":[140],"errors,":[141],"more":[143],"frequent":[144],"breakdowns":[145],"non-English":[147],"interactions.":[148],"Discussion:":[149],"Multilingual":[150],"capability":[151],"workflows":[154],"appears":[155],"feasible":[156],"LLMs":[158],"under":[159],"controlled":[160],"conditions":[161],"4":[164],"high-resource":[165],"languages":[166],"evaluated,":[167],"with":[168],"high":[169],"absolute":[170],"performance":[171,178,216],"each.":[173],"Disparities":[174],"were":[175],"language-dependent:":[176],"conversational":[177],"declined":[179],"most":[180],"Spanish":[182],"Hindi,":[184],"while":[185],"showed":[188],"small,":[190],"uniform":[191],"English":[192],"advantage,":[193],"suggesting":[194],"addressable":[195],"language-specific":[196],"weaknesses":[197],"rather":[198],"than":[199],"fixed":[201],"limitation":[202],"English-developed":[204],"systems.":[205],"Conclusion:":[206],"models":[209],"can":[210],"support":[211],"interactions,":[214],"varies":[217],"by":[218],"Per-language":[220],"validation":[221],"further":[223],"testing":[224],"are":[225],"needed":[226],"prior":[227],"to":[228],"clinical":[229],"rollout.":[230]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2026-10-24T00:00:00"}