{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7223339726","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-67470-5","title":"Efficient real-time vehicle tracking via lightweight YOLO and DeepSORT integration","display_name":"Efficient real-time vehicle tracking via lightweight YOLO and DeepSORT integration","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7223339726","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-67470-5"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-026-67470-5","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-67470-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-67470-5","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-67470-5_reference.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196734849","display_name":"Scientific Reports","issn_l":"2045-2322","issn":["2045-2322"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-67470-5_reference.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115592426","display_name":"Wei Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3042-608X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3042-608X","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9341-8382","https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3819-4152","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3265-7475"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405281973","display_name":"Applied Technology College of Soochow University","ror":"https://ror.org/0559nvq87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405281973"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering, Applied Technology College of Soochow University, Kunshan, 215325, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, Applied Technology College of Soochow University, Kunshan, 215325, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405281973"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159371852","display_name":"Jiacheng Liu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3923682","display_name":"Soochow University","ror":"https://ror.org/05t8y2r12","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3923682"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiacheng Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Rail Transportation, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215137, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Rail Transportation, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215137, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3923682"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023618857","display_name":"Ming Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0140-0113","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0140-0113"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3923682","display_name":"Soochow University","ror":"https://ror.org/05t8y2r12","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3923682"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ming Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guangxi Computing Center Co., Ltd, Nanning, 530022, China","School of Rail Transportation, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215137, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0140-0113","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangxi Computing Center Co., Ltd, Nanning, 530022, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Rail Transportation, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215137, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3923682"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107956535","display_name":"Yucheng Huang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3923682","display_name":"Soochow University","ror":"https://ror.org/05t8y2r12","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3923682"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yucheng Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Rail Transportation, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215137, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Rail Transportation, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215137, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3923682"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5023618857"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3923682"],"apc_list":{"value":2690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2690},"apc_paid":{"value":2690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2690},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73781798,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9848999977111816,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9848999977111816,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.012199999764561653,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.002099999925121665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vehicle-detection","display_name":"vehicle detection","score":0.7170000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vehicle-tracking","display_name":"vehicle tracking","score":0.9800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/yolo","display_name":"YOLO","score":0.8040000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deepsort","display_name":"DeepSORT","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ghost-convolution","display_name":"GhostConv","score":0.8420000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shufflenetv2","display_name":"ShuffleNetV2","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lightweight-models","display_name":"lightweight models","score":0.7009999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-deployment","display_name":"mobile deployment","score":0.5519999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-tracking","display_name":"real-time tracking","score":0.7300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/driving-safety","display_name":"driving safety","score":0.39100000262260437}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8033000230789185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.5922999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.58160001039505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84119951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3498530","display_name":"Vehicle tracking system","level":3,"score":0.5595999956130981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5152999758720398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.5009999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.46959999203681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186967261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5082128","display_name":"Mobile device","level":2,"score":0.46369999647140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.41819998621940613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.41359999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.40290001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115051666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6522493","display_name":"Ranging","level":2,"score":0.39959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79487989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q934680","display_name":"Vehicle dynamics","level":2,"score":0.3587999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.3488999903202057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.33660000562667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.32350000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13662910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193139","display_name":"Trajectory","level":2,"score":0.3061000108718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57493831","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3134666","display_name":"Projection (relational algebra)","level":2,"score":0.30140000581741333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.3000999987125397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56461940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970687","display_name":"Eye tracking","level":2,"score":0.29919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.29109999537467957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154586513","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4420972","display_name":"Tracking system","level":3,"score":0.2904999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95491727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q992968","display_name":"Mobile telephony","level":3,"score":0.26840001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.25540000200271606}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-026-67470-5","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-67470-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-67470-5","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-67470-5_reference.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196734849","display_name":"Scientific Reports","issn_l":"2045-2322","issn":["2045-2322"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-026-67470-5","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-67470-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-67470-5","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-67470-5_reference.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196734849","display_name":"Scientific Reports","issn_l":"2045-2322","issn":["2045-2322"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.5378999710083008},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.5142999887466431}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7223339726.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7223339726.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":3,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W4415795831","https://openalex.org/W6948204681"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4406884887","https://openalex.org/W4402216251","https://openalex.org/W7133232580","https://openalex.org/W4414853995","https://openalex.org/W4413417507","https://openalex.org/W4394605718","https://openalex.org/W7166329195","https://openalex.org/W4415467190","https://openalex.org/W4362709158","https://openalex.org/W4399599739"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Detecting":[0],"and":[1,15,23,32,54,59,65,119,131,166,195],"tracking":[2,24,49,132],"vehicles":[3],"ahead":[4],"during":[5,210],"driving":[6,13,18],"is":[7,81,175],"a":[8,46,124],"critical":[9],"technology":[10],"for":[11,39,128,205],"ensuring":[12],"safety":[14],"enhancing":[16],"the":[17,63,85,108,112,144,149,152,160,182,186,189],"experience.":[19],"However,":[20],"traditional":[21],"detection":[22,72,130,193],"models":[25,110],"often":[26],"suffer":[27],"from":[28],"high":[29],"computational":[30],"intensity":[31],"large":[33],"parameter":[34],"sizes,":[35],"making":[36,122,202],"them":[37],"unsuitable":[38],"resource-constrained":[40],"mobile":[41,208],"devices.":[42],"This":[43],"paper":[44],"introduces":[45],"lightweight":[47],"vehicle":[48,129,211],"model":[50,76,101,146,154,173,190],"that":[51,106],"integrates":[52],"YOLO":[53,113],"DeepSORT.":[55],"By":[56],"incorporating":[57],"GhostConv":[58],"C3GhostV2":[60],"modules":[61],"into":[62],"backbone":[64],"neck":[66],"networks":[67],"of":[68,87,162],"YOLO,":[69],"we":[70],"enhance":[71],"accuracy":[73,194],"while":[74],"reducing":[75,100],"size.":[77],"The":[78,171],"Focal-EIoU":[79],"function":[80],"utilized":[82],"to":[83,143,199],"improve":[84],"recognition":[86],"small,":[88],"distant":[89],"target":[90],"vehicles.":[91],"Additionally,":[92],"ShuffleNetV2":[93],"replaces":[94],"DeepSORT\u2019s":[95],"feature":[96],"extraction":[97],"network,":[98],"further":[99],"parameters.":[102],"Experimental":[103],"results":[104,139],"demonstrate":[105],"among":[107],"latest":[109],"in":[111],"series,":[114],"YOLOv5":[115],"offers":[116],"more":[117,125],"stable":[118],"accurate":[120],"performance,":[121],"it":[123,203],"suitable":[126,204],"baseline":[127,145],"tasks.":[133],"Based":[134],"on":[135,185,207],"this":[136],"foundation,":[137],"experimental":[138],"show":[140],"that,":[141],"compared":[142,198],"implemented":[147],"using":[148],"Ultralytics":[150],"framework,":[151],"proposed":[153],"reduces":[155],"GFLOPs":[156],"by":[157,164,169],"37.1%,":[158],"decreases":[159],"number":[161],"parameters":[163],"34.5%,":[165],"achieves":[167],"mAP@0.5":[168],"0.3%.":[170],"overall":[172],"size":[174],"only":[176],"13.62":[177],"MB,":[178],"44.8%":[179],"smaller":[180],"than":[181],"original.":[183],"Validated":[184],"SODA10M":[187],"dataset,":[188],"exhibits":[191],"improved":[192],"maintains":[196],"performance":[197],"other":[200],"models,":[201],"deployment":[206],"devices":[209],"driving.":[212]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-10-24T00:00:00"}
