{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7223328873","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-026-16500-6","title":"Hemoglobin-to-red blood cell distribution width ratio is inversely associated with prevalent gastrointestinal cancers in NHANES and serves as an informative feature in machine-learning models","display_name":"Hemoglobin-to-red blood cell distribution width ratio is inversely associated with prevalent gastrointestinal cancers in NHANES and serves as an informative feature in machine-learning models","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-07-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7223328873","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-026-16500-6","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42920116","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13695296"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12885-026-16500-6","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-026-16500-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-026-16500-6","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s12885-026-16500-6.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S192926780","display_name":"BMC Cancer","issn_l":"1471-2407","issn":["1471-2407"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Cancer","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s12885-026-16500-6.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125532485","display_name":"Shiming Chen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I253932293","display_name":"Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/0139j4p80","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I253932293"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shiming Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Nursing, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230012, China","Laboratory of Geriatric Nursing and Health, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230012, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Nursing, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230012, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I253932293"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Geriatric Nursing and Health, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230012, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I253932293"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5140603875","display_name":"Kexin Zhao","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153856","display_name":"Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/053v2gh09","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210153856"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kexin Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Hematology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No.139th Renmin Middle Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Hematology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No.139th Renmin Middle Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210153856"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159359002","display_name":"Jingxia Zhang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101984","display_name":"Longhua Hospital Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/016yezh07","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210101984"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingxia Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Nephrology, Longhua Hospital Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, Shanghai, 200032, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Nephrology, Longhua Hospital Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, Shanghai, 200032, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159316780","display_name":"Yingxue Niu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I253932293","display_name":"Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/0139j4p80","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I253932293"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yingxue Niu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Nursing, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230012, China","Laboratory of Geriatric Nursing and Health, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230012, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Nursing, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230012, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I253932293"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Geriatric Nursing and Health, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230012, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I253932293"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159313181","display_name":"Ran Zou","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I253932293","display_name":"Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/0139j4p80","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I253932293"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ran Zou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I253932293"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159317576","display_name":"Min Wang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Min Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Geriatric Medical Department, Huangshan City People's Hospital, Huangshan, Anhui, 245200, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Geriatric Medical Department, Huangshan City People's Hospital, Huangshan, Anhui, 245200, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159364528","display_name":"Yifang Li","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I253932293","display_name":"Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/0139j4p80","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I253932293"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yifang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Nursing, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230012, China. lyf20110801@163.com","Laboratory of Geriatric Nursing and Health, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230012, China. lyf20110801@163.com"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Nursing, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230012, China. lyf20110801@163.com","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I253932293"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Geriatric Nursing and Health, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230012, China. lyf20110801@163.com","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I253932293"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5159364528"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I253932293"],"apc_list":{"value":3390,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3390},"apc_paid":{"value":3390,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3390},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78430085,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11355","display_name":"Inflammatory Biomarkers in Disease Prognosis","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2730","display_name":"Oncology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11355","display_name":"Inflammatory Biomarkers in Disease Prognosis","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2730","display_name":"Oncology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10552","display_name":"Colorectal Cancer Screening and Detection","score":0.0017000000225380063,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2730","display_name":"Oncology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10556","display_name":"Global Cancer Incidence and Screening","score":0.0008999999845400453,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2730","display_name":"Oncology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/red-blood-cell-distribution-width","display_name":"red cell distribution width","score":0.8579999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gastrointestinal-cancer","display_name":"gastrointestinal cancer","score":0.8389999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cancer-prevalence","display_name":"cancer prevalence","score":0.5419999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sex-differences","display_name":"sex differences","score":0.6800000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning-prediction","display_name":"machine learning prediction","score":0.5289999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shap","display_name":"SHAP","score":0.8740000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nhanes","display_name":"NHANES","score":0.7720000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blood-test-biomarkers","display_name":"blood test biomarkers","score":0.5120000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/colon-cancer","display_name":"colon cancer","score":0.8230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rectal-cancer","display_name":"rectal cancer","score":0.8029999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gastric-cancer","display_name":"gastric cancer","score":0.8489999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/esophageal-cancer","display_name":"esophageal cancer","score":0.9190000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/liver-cancer","display_name":"liver cancer","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pancreatic-cancer","display_name":"pancreatic cancer","score":1.0}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780140570","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3545481","display_name":"Surgical oncology","level":2,"score":0.7314000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.6765000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5767999887466431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110121322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865811","display_name":"Distribution (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4684999883174896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.45320001244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779979121","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211709","display_name":"Blood cell","level":2,"score":0.4334999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143998085","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162555","display_name":"Oncology","level":1,"score":0.4122999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1491633281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7868","display_name":"Cell","level":2,"score":0.38940000534057617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78529466","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1363819","display_name":"Red blood cell distribution width","level":2,"score":0.3336000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.29739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60644358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128570","display_name":"Bioinformatics","level":1,"score":0.2551000118255615}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000098412","descriptor_name":"Predictive Learning Models","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004909","descriptor_name":"Erythrocyte Indices","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005770","descriptor_name":"Gastrointestinal Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005770","descriptor_name":"Gastrointestinal Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005770","descriptor_name":"Gastrointestinal Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006454","descriptor_name":"Hemoglobins","qualifier_ui":"Q000032","qualifier_name":"analysis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009749","descriptor_name":"Nutrition Surveys","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015995","descriptor_name":"Prevalence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12885-026-16500-6","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-026-16500-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-026-16500-6","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s12885-026-16500-6.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S192926780","display_name":"BMC Cancer","issn_l":"1471-2407","issn":["1471-2407"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Cancer","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13695296","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42920116/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13695296/pdf/12885_2026_Article_16500.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Cancer","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:42920116","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42920116","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC cancer","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2f8675bd191e43bfbd6ab304ef3da6a7","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2f8675bd191e43bfbd6ab304ef3da6a7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BMC Cancer, Vol 26, Iss 1 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12885-026-16500-6","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-026-16500-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-026-16500-6","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s12885-026-16500-6.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S192926780","display_name":"BMC Cancer","issn_l":"1471-2407","issn":["1471-2407"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Cancer","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":1.0}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325556","display_name":"Anhui University of Chinese Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/0139j4p80"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337368","display_name":"Division of Graduate Education","ror":"https://ror.org/00whkrf32"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7223328873.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7223328873.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1831050183","https://openalex.org/W1918432791","https://openalex.org/W1966716734","https://openalex.org/W2025619691","https://openalex.org/W2045030989","https://openalex.org/W2108872913","https://openalex.org/W2123275842","https://openalex.org/W2328176404","https://openalex.org/W2519373363","https://openalex.org/W2990115702","https://openalex.org/W2999262601","https://openalex.org/W3014713533","https://openalex.org/W3036267792","https://openalex.org/W3175417087","https://openalex.org/W3203334055","https://openalex.org/W4220663538","https://openalex.org/W4390575613","https://openalex.org/W4404230820","https://openalex.org/W4408157963"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7150986834","https://openalex.org/W2995730244","https://openalex.org/W4220663538","https://openalex.org/W4380083226","https://openalex.org/W3120208867","https://openalex.org/W4322769218","https://openalex.org/W4321599860","https://openalex.org/W4411225690","https://openalex.org/W4409923488","https://openalex.org/W6920290423"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BACKGROUND:":[0],"The":[1],"hemoglobin-to-red":[2],"blood":[3,16],"cell":[4],"distribution":[5],"width":[6],"ratio":[7],"(HRR)":[8],"is":[9],"an":[10,196,220,244],"inexpensive":[11],"index":[12],"derived":[13],"from":[14],"routine":[15],"tests,":[17],"but":[18,203],"its":[19],"relationship":[20],"with":[21,94,123,141,195,231],"gastrointestinal":[22],"(GI)":[23],"cancers":[24,143,235],"in":[25,144,161,199,236],"the":[26,145,162,170,188],"general":[27],"population":[28],"remains":[29],"unclear.":[30],"METHODS:":[31],"We":[32],"pooled":[33],"NHANES":[34],"2001-2018":[35],"data":[36],"(adults":[37],"\u2265":[38],"20":[39],"years).":[40],"GI":[41,85,134,142,234],"cancer":[42,86],"history":[43],"was":[44,64,138,228],"screened":[45],"using":[46,50],"MCQ220":[47],"and":[48,60,80,92,98,110,120,215],"site-confirmed":[49,133,233],"site-specific":[51],"follow-up":[52],"items":[53],"for":[54,83,125,182,191],"colon,":[55],"rectal,":[56],"stomach,":[57],"esophageal,":[58],"liver,":[59],"pancreatic":[61],"cancers.":[62],"HRR":[63,88,137,164,218,227,241],"calculated":[65],"as":[66,219,243],"hemoglobin":[67],"(g/dL)":[68],"divided":[69],"by":[70],"RDW":[71],"(%).":[72],"Survey-weighted":[73],"logistic":[74],"regression":[75],"estimated":[76],"odds":[77,168],"ratios":[78],"(ORs)":[79],"95%":[81,154,175],"CIs":[82],"prevalent":[84],"across":[87],"(per":[89,149],"0.1-unit":[90,150],"increase":[91],"tertiles),":[93],"restricted":[95],"cubic":[96],"splines":[97],"subgroup":[99],"interaction":[100,192],"tests.":[101],"In":[102,238],"parallel,":[103],"eight":[104],"machine-learning":[105,239],"(ML)":[106],"algorithms":[107],"were":[108],"trained":[109],"evaluated":[111],"(70/30":[112],"split)":[113],"to":[114],"assess":[115],"predictive":[116],"performance":[117],"(AUC,":[118],"calibration,":[119],"decision-curve":[121],"analysis),":[122],"SHAP":[124,216],"interpretability.":[126],"RESULTS:":[127],"Among":[128],"39,663":[129],"participants,":[130],"344":[131],"had":[132,166],"cancer.":[135],"Higher":[136,226],"inversely":[139,229],"associated":[140,230],"fully":[146],"adjusted":[147],"model":[148],"increase:":[151],"OR":[152],"0.86,":[153],"CI":[155,176],"0.77-0.95;":[156],"P":[157,178,181],"=":[158,179,184,193],"0.003).":[159],"Participants":[160],"highest":[163],"tertile":[165,172],"lower":[167],"than":[169],"lowest":[171],"(OR":[173,201],"0.57,":[174],"0.35-0.93;":[177],"0.026;":[180],"trend":[183],"0.028).":[185],"Sex":[186],"modified":[187],"association":[189,198],"(P":[190],"0.002),":[194],"inverse":[197],"men":[200],"0.74)":[202],"not":[204],"women.":[205],"ML":[206],"models":[207],"showed":[208],"similar":[209],"discrimination":[210],"(top":[211],"AUC":[212],"\u2248":[213],"0.82),":[214],"highlighted":[217],"important":[221],"contributor":[222],"alongside":[223],"age.":[224],"CONCLUSIONS:":[225],"prevalent,":[232],"NHANES.":[237],"analyses,":[240],"functioned":[242],"informative":[245],"classification":[246],"feature.":[247]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2026-10-24T00:00:00"}