{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7223312007","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-77259-1","title":"System dynamics evidence of sub-additive carbon reduction from combined mitigation strategies in multi-echelon logistics networks","display_name":"System dynamics evidence of sub-additive carbon reduction from combined mitigation strategies in multi-echelon logistics networks","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7223312007","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-77259-1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-026-77259-1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-77259-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-77259-1","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-77259-1_reference.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196734849","display_name":"Scientific Reports","issn_l":"2045-2322","issn":["2045-2322"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-77259-1_reference.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159323453","display_name":"Yixuan Chen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405282098","display_name":"Guangxi Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/05az53039","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405282098"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yixuan Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Logistics, Guangxi Polytechnic University, Nanning, 530226, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Logistics, Guangxi Polytechnic University, Nanning, 530226, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405282098"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078977467","display_name":"Liwei Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3409-3259","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3409-3259"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405282098","display_name":"Guangxi Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/05az53039","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405282098"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Liwei Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Logistics, Guangxi Polytechnic University, Nanning, 530226, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Logistics, Guangxi Polytechnic University, Nanning, 530226, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405282098"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121624092","display_name":"Yanzhi Pang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405279208","display_name":"Nanning University","ror":"https://ror.org/014qwcd09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405279208"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanzhi Pang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guangxi Key Laboratory of International Join for China-ASEAN Comprehensive Transportation, Nanning University, Nanning, 530200, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of International Join for China-ASEAN Comprehensive Transportation, Nanning University, Nanning, 530200, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405279208"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087198952","display_name":"Guobin Gu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405279208","display_name":"Nanning University","ror":"https://ror.org/014qwcd09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405279208"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guobin Gu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guangxi Key Laboratory of International Join for China-ASEAN Comprehensive Transportation, Nanning University, Nanning, 530200, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of International Join for China-ASEAN Comprehensive Transportation, Nanning University, Nanning, 530200, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405279208"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159352301","display_name":"Weiwei Huang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405282098","display_name":"Guangxi Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/05az53039","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405282098"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weiwei Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Logistics, Guangxi Polytechnic University, Nanning, 530226, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Logistics, Guangxi Polytechnic University, Nanning, 530226, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405282098"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5078977467"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405282098"],"apc_list":{"value":2690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2690},"apc_paid":{"value":2690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2690},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8126716,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10539","display_name":"Sustainable Supply Chain Management","score":0.8999000191688538,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10539","display_name":"Sustainable Supply Chain Management","score":0.8999000191688538,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10328","display_name":"Supply Chain and Inventory Management","score":0.02630000002682209,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14121","display_name":"Business Logistics and Inventory Control","score":0.022099999710917473,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carbon-emission-reduction","display_name":"carbon emission reduction","score":0.6269999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modal-shift","display_name":"modal shift","score":0.6140000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-reconfiguration","display_name":"network reconfiguration","score":0.9679999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/technological-upgrading","display_name":"technological upgrading","score":0.7049999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carbon-neutrality","display_name":"carbon neutrality","score":0.5609999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/system-dynamics-modeling","display_name":"system dynamics modeling","score":0.492000013589859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/complex-adaptive-systems","display_name":"complex adaptive systems","score":0.6399999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cost-benefit-trade-off","display_name":"cost-benefit trade-off","score":0.5170000195503235}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5835000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5770999789237976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77405623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q598451","display_name":"System dynamics","level":2,"score":0.48669999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140205800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5860","display_name":"Carbon fibers","level":3,"score":0.40470001101493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145912823","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q113558","display_name":"Dynamics (music)","level":2,"score":0.35920000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.296999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.28279998898506165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.2775999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134560507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q753291","display_name":"Environmental economics","level":1,"score":0.2612000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.25270000100135803}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-026-77259-1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-77259-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-77259-1","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-77259-1_reference.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196734849","display_name":"Scientific Reports","issn_l":"2045-2322","issn":["2045-2322"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-026-77259-1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-77259-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-77259-1","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-77259-1_reference.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196734849","display_name":"Scientific Reports","issn_l":"2045-2322","issn":["2045-2322"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action"},{"score":0.7811999917030334,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12","display_name":"Responsible consumption and production"},{"score":0.7207000255584717,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7223312007.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7223312007.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W909910279","https://openalex.org/W2048811628","https://openalex.org/W2594152587","https://openalex.org/W2896398053","https://openalex.org/W2897220622","https://openalex.org/W2900567290","https://openalex.org/W3082908653","https://openalex.org/W3128849085","https://openalex.org/W3160691794","https://openalex.org/W4200211115","https://openalex.org/W4213149540","https://openalex.org/W4220839465","https://openalex.org/W4304184153","https://openalex.org/W4318149654","https://openalex.org/W4366277575","https://openalex.org/W4386327980","https://openalex.org/W4390231306","https://openalex.org/W4392657205","https://openalex.org/W4394627267","https://openalex.org/W4401732343","https://openalex.org/W4403903219","https://openalex.org/W4408325635","https://openalex.org/W4408480014","https://openalex.org/W4408666078","https://openalex.org/W4409598263","https://openalex.org/W4410202325","https://openalex.org/W4410345797","https://openalex.org/W4411176174","https://openalex.org/W4412988232"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2583966580","https://openalex.org/W3108463264","https://openalex.org/W7154467515","https://openalex.org/W3168853191","https://openalex.org/W2371532475","https://openalex.org/W4411176174","https://openalex.org/W7163739909","https://openalex.org/W7052159586","https://openalex.org/W2285564568","https://openalex.org/W4392760335"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,161,180],"transition":[1],"of":[2,14,93,203,205,256],"multi-echelon":[3],"logistics":[4,230,248],"networks":[5,231],"toward":[6],"carbon":[7],"neutrality":[8],"is":[9,147,164,186,209],"constrained":[10],"by":[11,141,228],"the":[12,66,76,144,168,189,193,217,237,252],"inability":[13],"traditional":[15],"static":[16,225],"models":[17],"to":[18,82,173,183,212],"capture":[19],"complex":[20,233],"emission":[21,181],"dynamics":[22,37],"and":[23,46,52,119,200,242,254],"time-delayed":[24],"effects.":[25],"To":[26],"bridge":[27],"this":[28,31],"critical":[29],"gap,":[30],"study":[32,238],"develops":[33],"a":[34,61,99,103,112,116,122,134,151,177,195,201,240],"comprehensive":[35],"system":[36],"framework":[38,245],"that":[39],"captures":[40],"non-linear":[41],"feedback":[42],"mechanisms,":[43],"nonlinear":[44],"interactions":[45],"temporal":[47,71],"delays":[48],"across":[49],"transportation,":[50],"inventory,":[51],"ware-housing":[53],"operations.":[54],"By":[55],"simulating":[56],"multiple":[57],"mitigation":[58],"strategies":[59,171],"on":[60],"stylized":[62],"regional":[63],"distribution":[64],"network,":[65],"analysis":[67],"reveals":[68],"strongly":[69],"asymmetric":[70],"patterns:":[72],"annual":[73],"emissions":[74,215],"in":[75,106,157,188],"base":[77],"scenario":[78],"rise":[79],"from":[80],"2,736":[81],"3,453":[83],"t":[84],"CO":[85],"2":[86],"e":[87],"over":[88,192],"five":[89],"years,":[90],"an":[91,126],"increase":[92],"26.2%.":[94],"Transportation":[95],"mode":[96],"optimization":[97,226],"delivers":[98],"21.3%":[100],"reduction":[101,114,124,136,146],"with":[102,115,150,246],"9.8%":[104],"saving":[105,154],"five-year":[107],"total":[108],"cost,":[109],"network":[110],"reconfiguration":[111],"22.4%":[113],"6.5%":[117],"saving,":[118],"technology":[120],"upgrading":[121],"25.9%":[123],"at":[125,216],"8.4%":[127],"cost":[128,153],"increase.":[129],"Combining":[130],"all":[131],"three":[132,169],"yields":[133],"47.5%":[135],"while":[137],"lowering":[138],"cumulative":[139],"expenditure":[140],"9.8%,":[142],"so":[143],"deepest":[145],"obtained":[148],"together":[149],"net":[152],"rather":[155],"than":[156],"exchange":[158],"for":[159],"one.":[160],"combined":[162],"effect":[163],"markedly":[165],"sub-additive,":[166],"since":[167],"single":[170],"sum":[172],"69.6%":[174],"points":[175],"against":[176],"simulated":[178],"47.5.":[179],"response":[182],"modal":[184],"shift":[185,202],"near-linear":[187],"shifted":[190],"volume":[191],"range":[194],"programme":[196],"can":[197,250],"plausibly":[198],"reach,":[199],"57.6%":[204],"road":[206],"line-haul":[207],"tonne-kilometres":[208],"required":[210],"merely":[211],"hold":[213],"year-five":[214],"base-year":[218],"level.":[219],"Theoretically,":[220],"these":[221],"findings":[222],"challenge":[223],"prevailing":[224],"paradigms":[227],"reframing":[229],"as":[232],"adaptive":[234],"systems.":[235],"Practically,":[236],"provides":[239],"transparent":[241],"reproducible":[243],"simulation":[244],"which":[247],"managers":[249],"examine":[251],"sequencing":[253],"interaction":[255],"decarbonization":[257],"measures":[258],"before":[259],"committing":[260],"capital.":[261]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2026-10-24T00:00:00"}