{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7223261042","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-026-01934-5","title":"Predicting English learning performance in vocational colleges using explainable large language models","display_name":"Predicting English learning performance in vocational colleges using explainable large language models","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7223261042","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-026-01934-5"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44163-026-01934-5","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-026-01934-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-026-01934-5","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44163-026-01934-5.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210220416","display_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2731-0809","issn":["2731-0809"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","oarl"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44163-026-01934-5.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159314288","display_name":"Lili Ju","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405280341","display_name":"Liaoning Finance Vocational College","ror":"https://ror.org/02t28j121","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405280341"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lili Ju","raw_affiliation_strings":["Liaoning Finance Vocational College, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Liaoning Finance Vocational College, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405280341"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5159314288"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405280341"],"apc_list":{"value":1590,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1590},"apc_paid":{"value":1590,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1590},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12260","display_name":"Educational Technology and Pedagogy","score":0.0012000000569969416,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vocational-education","display_name":"vocational education","score":0.8769999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/student-learning-records","display_name":"student learning records","score":0.8410000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimodal-fusion","display_name":"multimodal fusion","score":0.7369999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gated-fusion-module","display_name":"gated fusion module","score":0.8199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/personalized-learning-recommendations","display_name":"personalized learning recommendations","score":0.6610000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/academic-performance-prediction","display_name":"student performance prediction","score":0.5139999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretability","display_name":"interpretability","score":0.4449999928474426}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6934000253677368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6413999795913696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.623199999332428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C668760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6869278","display_name":"Vocational education","level":2,"score":0.5885000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.48969998955726624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.4745999872684479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.454800009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4415000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60908668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690207","display_name":"Perceptron","level":3,"score":0.4196000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.37929999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.37299999594688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778371403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7672049","display_name":"TUTOR","level":2,"score":0.3628000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.3587000072002411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778173179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25339289","display_name":"Attendance","level":2,"score":0.3562000095844269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155512373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287450","display_name":"Residual","level":2,"score":0.35269999504089355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.3393999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779439875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1078276","display_name":"Natural language understanding","level":3,"score":0.32580000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74672266","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815859","display_name":"Language acquisition","level":2,"score":0.3077000081539154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45942800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245652","display_name":"Ensemble learning","level":2,"score":0.30550000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.3050999939441681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.3043999969959259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.29589998722076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.28949999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142039133","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3620943","display_name":"Personalized learning","level":5,"score":0.2818000018596649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37228920","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1307600","display_name":"Experiential learning","level":2,"score":0.2806999981403351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.2734000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987496018","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1860","display_name":"English language","level":2,"score":0.2639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776502983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690182","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","level":2,"score":0.262800008058548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776159695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6486751","display_name":"Language learning strategies","level":4,"score":0.26019999384880066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.25529998540878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779336797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3055492","display_name":"Intelligent tutoring system","level":2,"score":0.25130000710487366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C774472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6760393","display_name":"Margin (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.2508000135421753}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44163-026-01934-5","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-026-01934-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-026-01934-5","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44163-026-01934-5.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210220416","display_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2731-0809","issn":["2731-0809"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","oarl"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:04d7c37be83e4ad0baaf492f1d0b1efa","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/04d7c37be83e4ad0baaf492f1d0b1efa","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence, Vol 6, Iss 1 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44163-026-01934-5","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-026-01934-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-026-01934-5","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44163-026-01934-5.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210220416","display_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2731-0809","issn":["2731-0809"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","oarl"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.975600004196167,"display_name":"Quality education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7223261042.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7223261042.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2006750473","https://openalex.org/W2028508276","https://openalex.org/W2034978228","https://openalex.org/W2038749650","https://openalex.org/W2063814984","https://openalex.org/W2255539840","https://openalex.org/W2909913588","https://openalex.org/W2997041657","https://openalex.org/W3133477053","https://openalex.org/W3163935305","https://openalex.org/W3207307058","https://openalex.org/W4214821456","https://openalex.org/W4232533539","https://openalex.org/W4313015712","https://openalex.org/W4327859659","https://openalex.org/W4361866125","https://openalex.org/W4362515116","https://openalex.org/W4387846851","https://openalex.org/W4396704776","https://openalex.org/W4401023556","https://openalex.org/W4401443421","https://openalex.org/W4403413448","https://openalex.org/W4404719247","https://openalex.org/W4408705811","https://openalex.org/W4413430088","https://openalex.org/W7125975657"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7213224355","https://openalex.org/W7208733680","https://openalex.org/W4413674579","https://openalex.org/W7215113818","https://openalex.org/W7213244187","https://openalex.org/W7163607681","https://openalex.org/W7207665972","https://openalex.org/W4414595104","https://openalex.org/W7213246328","https://openalex.org/W4407797849"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"English":[0,87,156,175],"proficiency":[1],"prediction":[2,50,237],"is":[3,12,130,198],"an":[4,79,185],"important":[5],"task":[6],"in":[7,14,62],"vocational":[8,172],"education":[9],"because":[10],"it":[11],"helpful":[13],"support":[15],"teaching":[16],"evaluation,":[17],"personalized":[18,240],"learning":[19,66,91,204,241],"and":[20,41,68,99,117,137,190,219,225,239],"early":[21],"academic":[22],"intervention.":[23],"Traditional":[24],"methods":[25,46],"for":[26,174],"predicting":[27],"student":[28,90,168],"performance":[29],"mainly":[30],"use":[31],"structured":[32,112,122,138,220],"educational":[33,113],"properties":[34],"such":[35],"as":[36],"test":[37],"scores,":[38],"classroom":[39],"participation":[40],"attendance":[42],"records.":[43],"Although":[44],"these":[45],"can":[47],"achieve":[48],"certain":[49],"results,":[51],"they":[52],"often":[53],"pay":[54],"no":[55],"attention":[56,142],"to":[57,85,119,132,147,152],"the":[58,63,109,149,154,181,211,231],"semantic":[59,100,135,217],"relationships":[60],"contained":[61],"students\u2019":[64,155],"overall":[65],"portfolios":[67],"have":[69],"limited":[70],"interpretability.":[71],"To":[72],"address":[73],"this":[74,76],"problem,":[75],"study":[77],"proposes":[78],"interpretable":[80,236],"large":[81,105],"language":[82,97,106],"model-based":[83],"framework":[84,233],"predict":[86,153],"proficiency.":[88,157],"Firstly,":[89],"records":[92,169],"are":[93,102,115,145],"transformed":[94],"into":[95],"natural":[96],"prompts,":[98],"embeddings":[101],"learned":[103],"using":[104],"models.":[107,206],"At":[108],"same":[110],"time,":[111],"features":[114,151],"standardized":[116],"encoded":[118],"build":[120],"a":[121,125,164,171,191],"representation.":[123],"Then,":[124],"gated":[126,212],"multimodal":[127],"fusion":[128,213],"module":[129],"designed":[131],"adaptively":[133],"fuse":[134],"information":[136,218],"information.":[139,221],"Finally,":[140],"residual":[141],"multi-layer":[143],"perceptrons":[144],"used":[146],"classify":[148],"fused":[150],"The":[158,177],"experiment":[159],"was":[160],"carried":[161],"out":[162],"on":[163],"dataset":[165],"of":[166,188,195],"200":[167],"from":[170],"college":[173],"learning.":[176],"results":[178,238],"showed":[179,209],"that":[180,210,230],"proposed":[182,232],"model":[183],"achieved":[184],"accuracy":[186],"rate":[187],"92.5%":[189],"weighted":[192],"F1":[193],"score":[194],"91.3%,":[196],"which":[197],"better":[199],"than":[200],"several":[201],"traditional":[202],"machine":[203],"baseline":[205],"Further":[207],"analysis":[208,224],"mechanism":[214],"could":[215,234],"integrate":[216],"Feature":[222],"importance":[223],"case":[226],"studies":[227],"also":[228],"shown":[229],"provide":[235],"recommendations.":[242]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-10-24T00:00:00"}
