{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7223236199","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2610.30135","title":"When to retire: the cultural evolution of post-reproductive oblique teaching","display_name":"When to retire: the cultural evolution of post-reproductive oblique teaching","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7223236199","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2610.30135"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2610.30135","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.30135","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2610.30135","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2610.30135","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103426205","display_name":"H. Goto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7598-913X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7598-913X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16656306","display_name":"Meiji University","ror":"https://ror.org/02rqvrp93","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16656306"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["JP","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Goto, Hirotaka","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biology , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , PA 19104 , USA,","Graduate School of Advanced Mathematical Sciences , Meiji University , Nakano , Tokyo 164-8525 , Japan,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biology , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , PA 19104 , USA,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Advanced Mathematical Sciences , Meiji University , Nakano , Tokyo 164-8525 , Japan,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16656306"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073702596","display_name":"Joshua B. Plotkin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2349-6304","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2349-6304","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6232-7613"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405287111","display_name":"Meiji Institute for Advanced Study of Mathematical Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04529mg12","country_code":"JP","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16656306","https://openalex.org/I4405287111"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["JP","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Plotkin, Joshua B.","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biology , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , PA 19104 , USA,","Meiji Institute for Advanced Study of Mathematical Sciences , Tokyo 164-8525 , Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biology , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , PA 19104 , USA,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Meiji Institute for Advanced Study of Mathematical Sciences , Tokyo 164-8525 , Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405287111"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12090","display_name":"Language and cultural evolution","score":0.5996000170707703,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3316","display_name":"Cultural Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12090","display_name":"Language and cultural evolution","score":0.5996000170707703,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3316","display_name":"Cultural Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11252","display_name":"Evolutionary Game Theory and Cooperation","score":0.34549999237060547,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11118","display_name":"Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior","score":0.0210999995470047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retirement","display_name":"retirement","score":0.5630000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cultural-evolution","display_name":"cultural evolution","score":0.921999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evolutionarily-stable-strategy","display_name":"evolutionarily stable strategy","score":0.6620000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptive-dynamics","display_name":"adaptive dynamics","score":0.656000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stage-structured-populations","display_name":"stage-structured populations","score":0.7310000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hunting","display_name":"hunting","score":0.4020000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carrying-capacity","display_name":"carrying capacity","score":0.6230000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elderly-care","display_name":"elderly care","score":0.7179999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kin-selection","display_name":"kin selection","score":0.5120000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inclusive-fitness","display_name":"inclusive fitness","score":0.8330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/life-history-transitions","display_name":"life-history transitions","score":0.3319999873638153}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160697094","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1233197","display_name":"Oblique case","level":2,"score":0.551800012588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.5497999787330627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191795146","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3878446","display_name":"Norm (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4235000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75268714","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43478","display_name":"Natural selection","level":3,"score":0.4205000102519989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.41119998693466187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196187386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1050187","display_name":"Sociocultural evolution","level":2,"score":0.4108000099658966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23714114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q741598","display_name":"Kin selection","level":2,"score":0.4058000147342682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144348335","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171318","display_name":"Kinship","level":2,"score":0.38690000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777880217","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4674282","display_name":"Acknowledgement","level":2,"score":0.3862999975681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.38350000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.37380000948905945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777855551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12310021","display_name":"Subject (documents)","level":2,"score":0.36010000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.33869999647140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.32739999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.32690000534057617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.3142000138759613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89611455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804646","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","level":2,"score":0.31029999256134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988562018","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1063","display_name":"Biological evolution","level":2,"score":0.3100000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.2897000014781952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185554395","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83944","display_name":"Human evolution","level":2,"score":0.2800999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2743000090122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37512671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q203516","display_name":"Birth rate","level":4,"score":0.26910001039505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4430575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1005215","display_name":"Inclusive fitness","level":2,"score":0.2635999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778334786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1586270","display_name":"Variation (astronomy)","level":2,"score":0.262800008058548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111507845","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17074181","display_name":"Paternal care","level":4,"score":0.25999999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10437067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1139192","display_name":"Niche construction","level":2,"score":0.257099986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194232998","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1606712","display_name":"Transition (genetics)","level":3,"score":0.25699999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91852762","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3307742","display_name":"Fitness landscape","level":3,"score":0.2563000023365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.25429999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116190364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167918","display_name":"Grandparent","level":2,"score":0.2526000142097473}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2610.30135","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.30135","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2610.30135","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2610.30135","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2610.30135","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2610.30135","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2610.30135","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.30135","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2610.30135","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6164000034332275,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00hhkn466"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7223236199.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7223236199.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W763591103","https://openalex.org/W1574004712","https://openalex.org/W1859622094","https://openalex.org/W1985036361","https://openalex.org/W1986015396","https://openalex.org/W1997852451","https://openalex.org/W2010096546","https://openalex.org/W2048133632","https://openalex.org/W2049107009","https://openalex.org/W2054396204","https://openalex.org/W2063808493","https://openalex.org/W2068616562","https://openalex.org/W2074028900","https://openalex.org/W2078490793","https://openalex.org/W2099995838","https://openalex.org/W2101393159","https://openalex.org/W2104287464","https://openalex.org/W2109716686","https://openalex.org/W2122966359","https://openalex.org/W2127150322","https://openalex.org/W2152686103","https://openalex.org/W2171905822","https://openalex.org/W2330349018","https://openalex.org/W2520033784","https://openalex.org/W2804956235","https://openalex.org/W2921869257","https://openalex.org/W2949723710","https://openalex.org/W3189463119","https://openalex.org/W4293230408","https://openalex.org/W4298060256","https://openalex.org/W4366351783","https://openalex.org/W4401894969","https://openalex.org/W4404470080","https://openalex.org/W4405365839","https://openalex.org/W4414053203","https://openalex.org/W7138019588","https://openalex.org/W7151078806","https://openalex.org/W7167744431","https://openalex.org/W7221132460"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7221132460","https://openalex.org/W3207025806","https://openalex.org/W2520033784","https://openalex.org/W1859622094","https://openalex.org/W2180973835","https://openalex.org/W3032205464","https://openalex.org/W93814098","https://openalex.org/W2950659982","https://openalex.org/W4389079623","https://openalex.org/W4376254891"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Teaching":[0],"is":[1,11,43,235,259],"ubiquitous":[2],"across":[3],"human":[4],"societies.":[5],"Instruction":[6,26],"from":[7,214,221],"parents":[8],"to":[9,27,93,113,141,238,263],"offspring":[10],"the":[12,60,105,109,124,127,131,172,179,199,215,269],"most":[13],"fundamental":[14],"form":[15],"of":[16,62,70,108,126,134,183,265,273],"teaching,":[17,32],"explained":[18],"primarily":[19],"through":[20,228],"kin":[21],"selection":[22],"and":[23,82,95,97,121,130,150,247,275],"inclusive":[24,157],"fitness.":[25],"non-kin,":[28],"known":[29],"as":[30,101,119],"oblique":[31,53,63],"also":[33],"plays":[34],"a":[35,67,77,138,142,164,184,222,242,254],"dominant":[36],"role":[37],"in":[38,76,87,116,137,161,168],"modern":[39],"societies,":[40],"where":[41,241],"teaching":[42,54,64,151,225],"often":[44],"institutionalized.":[45],"Nonetheless,":[46],"it":[47],"remains":[48],"puzzling":[49],"how":[50],"or":[51,156,204],"when":[52],"can":[55,152],"evolve.":[56],"Here":[57],"we":[58,122,233],"address":[59],"evolution":[61,125,192],"by":[65,253],"developing":[66],"mathematical":[68],"model":[69],"stage-structured":[71],"populations.":[72],"Younger":[73],"individuals":[74],"engage":[75],"useful":[78],"activity,":[79],"called":[80],"hunting,":[81],"reproduce.":[83],"At":[84],"some":[85],"point":[86],"life,":[88],"they":[89],"cease":[90],"contributing":[91],"directly":[92],"hunting":[94,106,202],"reproduction,":[96],"instead":[98],"serve":[99],"exclusively":[100],"teachers":[102,195],"who":[103],"increase":[104],"expertise":[107],"young.":[110],"We":[111,146],"refer":[112],"this":[114],"transition":[115],"life":[117],"stage":[118],"retirement,":[120],"analyze":[123],"retirement":[128,149,175,246],"rate,":[129],"resulting":[132],"frequency":[133],"post-reproductive":[135],"teachers,":[136],"population":[139,181],"subject":[140],"global":[143],"carrying":[144],"capacity.":[145],"find":[147],"that":[148,210],"evolve":[153],"without":[154],"kinship":[155],"fitness,":[158],"but":[159],"only":[160,212],"populations":[162],"above":[163],"threshold":[165],"size.":[166],"Unlike":[167],"classical":[169],"adaptive":[170],"dynamics,":[171],"evolutionarily":[173],"stable":[174],"rates":[176],"depend":[177],"on":[178],"absolute":[180],"size":[182],"mutant":[185,209],"type":[186,217],"upon":[187],"introduction.":[188],"In":[189],"many":[190],"regimes,":[191],"produces":[193],"fewer":[194],"than":[196],"would":[197],"maximize":[198],"population's":[200],"per-capita":[201],"returns":[203],"intrinsic":[205],"birth":[206],"rate.":[207],"A":[208],"differs":[211],"slightly":[213],"resident":[216],"generally":[218],"cannot":[219,226],"invade":[220],"minority,":[223],"so":[224],"emerge":[227],"gradual":[229],"evolution.":[230],"The":[231],"mechanism":[232],"describe":[234],"therefore":[236],"available":[237],"cultural":[239,266],"evolution,":[240,267],"distinct":[243],"norm":[244],"for":[245],"elder":[248],"care":[249],"may":[250],"be":[251],"adopted":[252],"sub-population":[255],"simultaneously.":[256],"Our":[257],"account":[258],"thus":[260],"tied":[261],"closely":[262],"theories":[264],"including":[268],"\"information":[270],"grandmother":[271],"hypothesis\"":[272],"Henrich":[274],"Henrich.":[276]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2026-10-23T00:00:00"}