{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7223224437","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjdh-2026-000395","title":"Medical superintelligence: foundations and aspirations","display_name":"Medical superintelligence: foundations and aspirations","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7223224437","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjdh-2026-000395","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42920986","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13691883"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1136/bmjdh-2026-000395","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjdh-2026-000395","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjdh-2026-000395","pdf_url":"https://bmjdigitalhealth.bmj.com/content/2/1/e000395.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407047289","display_name":"BMJ Digital Health & AI","issn_l":"3049-575X","issn":["3049-575X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMJ Digital Health & AI","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://bmjdigitalhealth.bmj.com/content/2/1/e000395.full.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041641749","display_name":"Xiaoxuan Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1286-0038","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1286-0038","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0619-0568"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoxuan Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft AI, Microsoft, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1286-0038","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft AI, Microsoft, London, UK","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030200824","display_name":"Mayank Daswani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6768-8225","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6768-8225"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mayank Daswani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft AI, Microsoft, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft AI, Microsoft, London, UK","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026540467","display_name":"Christopher J. Kelly","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1246-844X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1246-844X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher Kelly","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft AI, Microsoft, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft AI, Microsoft, London, UK","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050672320","display_name":"Harsha Nori","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5442-1359","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5442-1359"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Harsha Nori","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft AI, Microsoft, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft AI, Microsoft, London, UK","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159262656","display_name":"Nicola Ding","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicola Ding","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft AI, Microsoft, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft AI, Microsoft, London, UK","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159277899","display_name":"Matthew M Nour","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthew M Nour","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft AI, Microsoft, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft AI, Microsoft, London, UK","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090930930","display_name":"Emma Rocheteau","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6450-0878","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6450-0878"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emma Rocheteau","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft AI, Microsoft, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft AI, Microsoft, London, UK","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013939722","display_name":"Craig Sherstan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Craig Sherstan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft AI, Microsoft, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft AI, Microsoft, London, UK","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043205117","display_name":"Viknesh Sounderajah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4595-8402","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4595-8402"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Viknesh Sounderajah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft AI, Microsoft, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft AI, Microsoft, London, UK","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068136880","display_name":"Adrian D. Haimovich","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4106-7055","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4106-7055"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adrian D Haimovich","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084515381","display_name":"Eric J. Topol","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1478-4729","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1478-4729"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1311914864","display_name":"Scripps Health","ror":"https://ror.org/05bhsww40","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1311914864"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eric Topol","raw_affiliation_strings":["Scripps Health, San Diego, California, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Scripps Health, San Diego, California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1311914864"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001712647","display_name":"Mustafa Suleyman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5415-4457","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5415-4457"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290206253","display_name":"Microsoft (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mustafa Suleyman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft AI, Mountain View, California, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft AI, Mountain View, California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009550607","display_name":"Dominic King","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1898-842X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1898-842X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dominic King","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft AI, Microsoft, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft AI, Microsoft, London, UK","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043228682","display_name":"Eric Horvitz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8823-0614","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8823-0614"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290206253","display_name":"Microsoft (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Eric Horvitz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Office of the Chief Scientific Officer, Microsoft, Redmond, Washington, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Office of the Chief Scientific Officer, Microsoft, Redmond, Washington, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5041641749","https://openalex.org/A5043228682"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71790674,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":"1","first_page":"e000395","last_page":"e000395"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11396","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare","score":0.0008999999845400453,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14512","display_name":"Technology and Human Factors in Education and Health","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence-in-healthcare","display_name":"artificial intelligence in healthcare","score":0.9229999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence-capabilities","display_name":"AI capabilities","score":0.35600000619888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/future-of-medicine","display_name":"future of medicine","score":0.460999995470047}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.42719998955726624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55587333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133029","display_name":"Engineering ethics","level":1,"score":0.3617999851703644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.3492000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.30059999227523804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.28679999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.27549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.2732999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.25920000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108170787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3951828","display_name":"Agency (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.25279998779296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.23960000276565552}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1136/bmjdh-2026-000395","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjdh-2026-000395","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjdh-2026-000395","pdf_url":"https://bmjdigitalhealth.bmj.com/content/2/1/e000395.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407047289","display_name":"BMJ Digital Health & AI","issn_l":"3049-575X","issn":["3049-575X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMJ Digital Health & AI","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13691883","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13691883/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13691883/pdf/bmjdh-2-1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMJ Digit Health Ai","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:42920986","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42920986","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMJ digital health & AI","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8d816bc9736c436abb3bdd040eb85e8a","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8d816bc9736c436abb3bdd040eb85e8a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BMJ Digital Health & AI, Vol 2, Iss 1 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1136/bmjdh-2026-000395","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjdh-2026-000395","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjdh-2026-000395","pdf_url":"https://bmjdigitalhealth.bmj.com/content/2/1/e000395.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407047289","display_name":"BMJ Digital Health & AI","issn_l":"3049-575X","issn":["3049-575X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMJ Digital Health & AI","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.8560000061988831}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320307764","display_name":"Microsoft","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7223224437.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7223224437.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2987985090","https://openalex.org/W4393021028","https://openalex.org/W4400324908","https://openalex.org/W4409283601","https://openalex.org/W4409283616","https://openalex.org/W4414274945","https://openalex.org/W4414460302","https://openalex.org/W4415471900","https://openalex.org/W4417175683","https://openalex.org/W7124888346","https://openalex.org/W7125392277","https://openalex.org/W7164506505","https://openalex.org/W7171396634","https://openalex.org/W7171710520"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7171396634","https://openalex.org/W7083630256","https://openalex.org/W6885017103","https://openalex.org/W6922564267","https://openalex.org/W2417088622","https://openalex.org/W7131736499","https://openalex.org/W7221224434","https://openalex.org/W7127121677","https://openalex.org/W6903935984","https://openalex.org/W6960025236"],"abstract_inverted_index":{",":[0],"yet":[1],"how":[2,13,97],"to":[3,18,29,34,74,108],"define":[4],"and":[5,40,69,104,112],"evaluate":[6],"this":[7],"aspiration":[8],"remains":[9],"unclear.":[10],"We":[11],"discuss":[12],"AI":[14,33,38],"technologies":[15],"can":[16],"contribute":[17],"more":[19,54],"effective":[20],"care,":[21],"introducing":[22],"six":[23],"interdependent":[24],"dimensions":[25],"of":[26,32,50,89,114],"medical":[27,83,102],"intelligence":[28,103],"frame":[30],"contributions":[31],"healthcare":[35],"delivery.":[36],"As":[37],"capabilities":[39,99],"their":[41,92],"integration":[42],"into":[43],"clinical":[44],"workflows":[45],"advance,":[46],"improving":[47],"the":[48,86,110],"quality":[49,111],"care":[51],"will":[52,62,94],"require":[53,63,95],"than":[55],"superhuman":[56],"performance":[57],"on":[58],"isolated":[59],"tasks.":[60],"It":[61],"systems":[64,80],"that":[65],"harness":[66],"AI,":[67],"independently":[68],"in":[70,81],"collaboration":[71],"with":[72],"humans,":[73],"surpass":[75],"today's":[76],"strongest":[77],"human-led":[78],"health":[79],"integrated":[82],"reasoning":[84],"across":[85],"full":[87],"arc":[88],"care.":[90,115],"Realising":[91],"value":[93],"understanding":[96],"these":[98],"complement":[100],"existing":[101],"combining":[105],"them":[106],"effectively":[107],"improve":[109],"accessibility":[113]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-10-23T00:00:00"}