{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7223200948","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2610.28876","title":"Microlens-Integrated Grating Couplers for Efficient Free-Space Coupling in Silicon Photonics","display_name":"Microlens-Integrated Grating Couplers for Efficient Free-Space Coupling in Silicon Photonics","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7223200948","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2610.28876"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2610.28876","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.28876","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2610.28876","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2610.28876","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119789169","display_name":"Simon A. Bongarz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2478-9822","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2478-9822"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bongarz, Simon A.","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Applied Physics , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , USA","Department of Electrical Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Applied Physics , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047339464","display_name":"Ryosuke Mashiko","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mashiko, Ryosuke","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5158922129","display_name":"Anne R. Kroo","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kroo, Anne R.","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159296386","display_name":"Jaekwon Lee","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lee, Jaekwon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011691939","display_name":"Carson Valdez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2437-7473","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2437-7473"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Valdez, Carson G.","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044137053","display_name":"David A. B. Miller","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3633-7479","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3633-7479"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Miller, David A. B.","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091113379","display_name":"Olav Solgaard","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6110-7758","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6110-7758"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Solgaard, Olav","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10299","display_name":"Photonic and Optical Devices","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10299","display_name":"Photonic and Optical Devices","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11429","display_name":"Semiconductor Lasers and Optical Devices","score":0.0007999999797903001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11517","display_name":"Advanced optical system design","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grating-couplers","display_name":"grating couplers","score":0.906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microlens-array","display_name":"microlens array","score":0.8019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/free-space-coupling","display_name":"free-space coupling","score":0.8610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/silicon-photonics","display_name":"silicon photonics","score":0.9639999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/two-photon-polymerization","display_name":"two-photon polymerization","score":0.8820000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coupled-power","display_name":"coupled power","score":0.4779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermal-stability","display_name":"thermal stability","score":0.6470000147819519}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192560794","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q500199","display_name":"Microlens","level":3,"score":0.8047000169754028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.7322999835014343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777813233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1527816","display_name":"Grating","level":2,"score":0.708899974822998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.6811000108718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15336307","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1766051","display_name":"Lens (geology)","level":2,"score":0.6603999733924866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20788544","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q467054","display_name":"Photonics","level":2,"score":0.517300009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191161701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q559265","display_name":"Optical power","level":3,"score":0.4909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.484499990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21792228","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5178039","display_name":"Coupling loss","level":3,"score":0.4607999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187590223","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q527628","display_name":"Holography","level":2,"score":0.42419999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119423029","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3749103","display_name":"Silicon photonics","level":3,"score":0.4020000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131584629","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4308705","display_name":"Coupling (piping)","level":2,"score":0.39489999413490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78336883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4779385","display_name":"Aperture (computer memory)","level":2,"score":0.3573000133037567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138268822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1051925","display_name":"Resolution (logic)","level":2,"score":0.35510000586509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159108749","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898896","display_name":"Numerical aperture","level":3,"score":0.3495999872684479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126753812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q653294","display_name":"Diffraction grating","level":3,"score":0.31630000472068787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9508911","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5448831","display_name":"Filling factor","level":2,"score":0.3133000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141290920","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7099052","display_name":"Optofluidics","level":3,"score":0.3009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544956773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q670","display_name":"Silicon","level":2,"score":0.2969000041484833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778315978","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944873","display_name":"Gaussian beam","level":3,"score":0.2964000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182610534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633620","display_name":"Ray","level":2,"score":0.29019999504089355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200687136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11233438","display_name":"Waveguide","level":2,"score":0.2865999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901177","display_name":"Gaussian","level":2,"score":0.2842000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22799297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q523846","display_name":"Photonic integrated circuit","level":3,"score":0.2791999876499176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129089522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245679","display_name":"Cylindrical lens","level":3,"score":0.27730000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42067758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174102","display_name":"Refractive index","level":2,"score":0.26170000433921814}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2610.28876","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.28876","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2610.28876","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2610.28876","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2610.28876","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2610.28876","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2610.28876","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.28876","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2610.28876","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/027ka1x80"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332374","display_name":"Ames Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/02acart68"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337356","display_name":"Fogarty International Center","ror":"https://ror.org/02xey9a22"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7223200948.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7223200948.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7201971564","https://openalex.org/W4399881631","https://openalex.org/W4320150307","https://openalex.org/W2799310699","https://openalex.org/W4388426924","https://openalex.org/W4396941403","https://openalex.org/W4404675189","https://openalex.org/W4220984571","https://openalex.org/W2230471816","https://openalex.org/W4405907907"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Grating-coupler":[0],"arrays":[1,26],"are":[2],"used":[3],"to":[4,56,110,143,182],"couple":[5],"free-space":[6,184],"light":[7,35,85],"into":[8],"photonic":[9,191],"chips,":[10],"but":[11],"the":[12,29,57,87,90,97,104,131,144],"space":[13],"required":[14],"for":[15],"tapers":[16],"and":[17,40,53,82,96],"routing":[18],"waveguides":[19],"limits":[20],"their":[21],"optical":[22,98],"fill":[23,31],"factor.":[24],"Microlens":[25],"can":[27],"increase":[28],"effective":[30],"factor":[32,137],"by":[33,117,135],"collecting":[34],"over":[36],"a":[37,76,118,122,127,136],"larger":[38],"area":[39],"focusing":[41],"it":[42],"onto":[43,86],"each":[44],"grating.":[45,88],"Separately":[46],"fabricated":[47],"lens":[48,74,91,129,188],"arrays,":[49],"however,":[50],"require":[51],"assembly":[52],"precise":[54],"alignment":[55],"chip.":[58],"Here":[59],"we":[60],"integrate":[61],"refractive":[62],"microlenses":[63],"directly":[64],"with":[65,121],"high-efficiency,":[66],"normal-incidence":[67],"grating":[68,146],"couplers":[69],"using":[70],"two-photon":[71],"polymerization.":[72],"Each":[73],"has":[75],"100":[77,79],"x":[78],"um2":[80],"aperture":[81],"focuses":[83],"incident":[84],"Writing":[89],"body":[92],"at":[93,100,172],"coarse":[94],"resolution":[95,102],"surface":[99],"fine":[101],"reduces":[103],"print":[105],"time":[106],"from":[107],"9":[108],"h":[109,169],"19":[111],"min":[112],"per":[113],"lens.":[114],"Under":[115],"illumination":[116],"Gaussian":[119],"beam":[120],"276":[123],"um":[124],"mode-field":[125],"diameter,":[126],"printed":[128],"increases":[130],"measured":[132],"coupled":[133],"power":[134],"of":[138,156],"33":[139],"(15.2":[140],"dB)":[141],"relative":[142],"same":[145],"before":[147],"printing.":[148],"Loss":[149],"normalization":[150],"gives":[151],"an":[152,180],"estimated":[153],"lens-to-mode":[154],"efficiency":[155],"68%.":[157],"The":[158],"lenses":[159],"show":[160],"no":[161],"measurable":[162],"change":[163],"in":[164,190],"coupling":[165],"after":[166],"three":[167],"3":[168],"thermal":[170],"cycles":[171],"150C.":[173],"These":[174],"results":[175],"support":[176],"direct":[177],"printing":[178],"as":[179],"approach":[181],"increasing":[183],"collection":[185],"while":[186],"simplifying":[187],"integration":[189],"systems.":[192]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-06T12:05:46.655746","created_date":"2026-10-23T00:00:00"}