{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7223200503","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2026.103146","title":"Fatigue risk management in commercial aviation pilots: The impact and use of controlled rest","display_name":"Fatigue risk management in commercial aviation pilots: The impact and use of controlled rest","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7223200503","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2026.103146"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.jairtraman.2026.103146","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2026.103146","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2026.103146","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S99242495","display_name":"Journal of Air Transport Management","issn_l":"0969-6997","issn":["0969-6997","1873-2089"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Air Transport Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2026.103146","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159291984","display_name":"Gustavo M. Borges","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143597","display_name":"Instituto Superior de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o e Ci\u00eancias","ror":"https://ror.org/042vq9b25","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210143597"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gustavo M. Borges","raw_affiliation_strings":["ISEC Lisboa, Instituto Superior de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o e Ci\u00eancias, Lisbon, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ISEC Lisboa, Instituto Superior de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o e Ci\u00eancias, Lisbon, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143597"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159282434","display_name":"Julio C. da Silva","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5034-8009","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5034-8009"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161321875","display_name":"University of Beira Interior","ror":"https://ror.org/03nf36p02","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161321875"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143597","display_name":"Instituto Superior de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o e Ci\u00eancias","ror":"https://ror.org/042vq9b25","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210143597"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405255309","display_name":"Aeronautics and Astronautics Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/02vmw2t69","country_code":"PT","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405255309"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Julio C. da Silva","raw_affiliation_strings":["AEROG-Aeronautics and Astronautics Research Center, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilh\u00e3, Portugal","ISEC Lisboa, Instituto Superior de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o e Ci\u00eancias, Lisbon, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5034-8009","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AEROG-Aeronautics and Astronautics Research Center, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilh\u00e3, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161321875","https://openalex.org/I4405255309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ISEC Lisboa, Instituto Superior de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o e Ci\u00eancias, Lisbon, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143597"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080382526","display_name":"Gleidson Reis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4046-0709","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4046-0709"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092444","display_name":"Instituto Federal de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o, Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia do Tri\u00e2ngulo Mineiro","ror":"https://ror.org/00ge23k91","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1293487690","https://openalex.org/I2801200668","https://openalex.org/I4210092444"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gleidson A. dos Reis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Instituto Federal do Tri\u00e2ngulo Mineiro, Uberl\u00e2ndia - MG, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4046-0709","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto Federal do Tri\u00e2ngulo Mineiro, Uberl\u00e2ndia - MG, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074260376","display_name":"Lu\u00eds F. F. M. Santos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7169-2660","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7169-2660"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161321875","display_name":"University of Beira Interior","ror":"https://ror.org/03nf36p02","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161321875"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143597","display_name":"Instituto Superior de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o e Ci\u00eancias","ror":"https://ror.org/042vq9b25","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210143597"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405255309","display_name":"Aeronautics and Astronautics Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/02vmw2t69","country_code":"PT","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405255309"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lu\u00eds F.F.M. Santos","raw_affiliation_strings":["AEROG-Aeronautics and Astronautics Research Center, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilh\u00e3, Portugal","ISEC Lisboa, Instituto Superior de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o e Ci\u00eancias, Lisbon, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7169-2660","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AEROG-Aeronautics and Astronautics Research Center, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilh\u00e3, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161321875","https://openalex.org/I4405255309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ISEC Lisboa, Instituto Superior de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o e Ci\u00eancias, Lisbon, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143597"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082376294","display_name":"Leandro Magalh\u00e3es","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1256-9689","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1256-9689"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161321875","display_name":"University of Beira Interior","ror":"https://ror.org/03nf36p02","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161321875"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143597","display_name":"Instituto Superior de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o e Ci\u00eancias","ror":"https://ror.org/042vq9b25","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210143597"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387152517","display_name":"Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico","ror":"https://ror.org/03db2by73","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141596103","https://openalex.org/I4387152517"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405255309","display_name":"Aeronautics and Astronautics Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/02vmw2t69","country_code":"PT","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405255309"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405257516","display_name":"Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico Instituto de Engenharia Mec\u00e2nica","ror":"https://ror.org/05bq01106","country_code":"PT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141596103","https://openalex.org/I4405257516"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Leandro B. Magalh\u00e3es","raw_affiliation_strings":["AEROG-Aeronautics and Astronautics Research Center, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilh\u00e3, Portugal","IDMEC-Mechanical Engineering Institute, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Lisbon, Portugal","ISEC Lisboa, Instituto Superior de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o e Ci\u00eancias, Lisbon, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AEROG-Aeronautics and Astronautics Research Center, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilh\u00e3, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161321875","https://openalex.org/I4405255309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IDMEC-Mechanical Engineering Institute, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Lisbon, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387152517","https://openalex.org/I4405257516"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ISEC Lisboa, Instituto Superior de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o e Ci\u00eancias, Lisbon, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143597"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5082376294"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161321875","https://openalex.org/I4210143597","https://openalex.org/I4387152517","https://openalex.org/I4405255309","https://openalex.org/I4405257516"],"apc_list":{"value":3250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3250},"apc_paid":{"value":3250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3250},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89199847,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"139","issue":null,"first_page":"103146","last_page":"103146"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11373","display_name":"Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11373","display_name":"Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.000699999975040555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10316","display_name":"Sleep and related disorders","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fatigue-risk-management","display_name":"fatigue risk management","score":0.9549999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pilot-fatigue","display_name":"pilot fatigue","score":0.8809999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fatigue-risk-assessment","display_name":"fatigue risk assessment","score":0.40700000524520874}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77265313","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q879844","display_name":"Rest (music)","level":2,"score":0.6891000270843506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779017403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9640723","display_name":"Commercial aviation","level":3,"score":0.6305999755859375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74448152","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q765633","display_name":"Aviation","level":2,"score":0.5824999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32896092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189447","display_name":"Risk management","level":2,"score":0.553600013256073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.4697999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12174686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058438","display_name":"Risk assessment","level":2,"score":0.4244999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.3873000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.365200012922287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178802073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8421","display_name":"Aeronautics","level":1,"score":0.35179999470710754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2989000082015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992584562","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q580939","display_name":"Commercial vehicle","level":2,"score":0.28850001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780257099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65089289","display_name":"Risk Control","level":3,"score":0.28200000524520874}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.jairtraman.2026.103146","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2026.103146","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2026.103146","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S99242495","display_name":"Journal of Air Transport Management","issn_l":"0969-6997","issn":["0969-6997","1873-2089"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Air Transport Management","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.jairtraman.2026.103146","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2026.103146","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2026.103146","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S99242495","display_name":"Journal of Air Transport Management","issn_l":"0969-6997","issn":["0969-6997","1873-2089"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Air Transport Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8371999859809875,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","ror":"https://ror.org/00snfqn58"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1899217221","https://openalex.org/W1971681856","https://openalex.org/W2029006003","https://openalex.org/W2051859593","https://openalex.org/W2114242035","https://openalex.org/W2159162402","https://openalex.org/W2752966995","https://openalex.org/W2905519603","https://openalex.org/W3008259647","https://openalex.org/W3032766376","https://openalex.org/W3080758932","https://openalex.org/W3081276055","https://openalex.org/W3171569742","https://openalex.org/W3198169736","https://openalex.org/W3209647464","https://openalex.org/W4401564458","https://openalex.org/W4402689707","https://openalex.org/W4404077958","https://openalex.org/W4405535828","https://openalex.org/W4410539246","https://openalex.org/W4413898508","https://openalex.org/W4415234633"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4415234633","https://openalex.org/W2889592422","https://openalex.org/W3081276055","https://openalex.org/W2992978479","https://openalex.org/W4416262769","https://openalex.org/W4415132073","https://openalex.org/W4396700546","https://openalex.org/W3173176292","https://openalex.org/W4382644460","https://openalex.org/W2612766130"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Pilot":[0],"fatigue":[1,23,35,47,71,121,146,192],"remains":[2],"a":[3,34,52,105,179],"significant":[4],"safety":[5],"concern":[6],"in":[7],"commercial":[8],"aviation":[9],"and":[10,28,73,85,98,133,166,185,193],"is":[11,127],"increasingly":[12],"addressed":[13],"through":[14],"Fatigue":[15,54,157],"Risk":[16],"Management":[17],"Systems":[18],"(FRMS).":[19],"This":[20],"study":[21],"examined":[22],"prevalence":[24],"among":[25,48],"airline":[26],"pilots":[27,65,142],"evaluated":[29],"Controlled":[30,77,176],"Rest":[31,78,177],"(CR)":[32],"as":[33,82],"mitigation":[36,147],"strategy":[37],"within":[38,178],"an":[39,83],"FRMS":[40],"framework.":[41],"Results":[42],"indicated":[43],"the":[44,137,172],"presence":[45,111],"of":[46,59,64,108,112,139,174],"surveyed":[49],"pilots,":[50],"with":[51,119,161],"mean":[53],"Severity":[55],"Scale":[56],"(FSS)":[57],"score":[58],"5.24.":[60],"A":[61],"substantial":[62],"proportion":[63,107],"reported":[66,102,143],"operating":[67],"while":[68,149],"fatigued,":[69],"submitting":[70],"reports,":[72],"experiencing":[74],"fatigue-related":[75],"errors.":[76],"was":[79,116],"generally":[80],"perceived":[81],"effective":[84,130],"safe":[86],"countermeasure":[87],"when":[88],"conducted":[89],"according":[90],"to":[91,151,188],"established":[92],"procedures.":[93],"However,":[94],"formalized":[95],"CR":[96,114],"procedures":[97,115],"operational":[99,195],"use":[100],"were":[101,159],"by":[103],"only":[104],"limited":[106],"pilots.":[109],"The":[110],"documented":[113],"not":[117],"associated":[118,160],"lower":[120],"levels,":[122],"suggesting":[123],"that":[124],"documentation":[125],"alone":[126],"insufficient":[128],"without":[129],"implementation,":[131,183],"training,":[132,184],"organizational":[134,186],"support.":[135],"In":[136],"absence":[138],"formal":[140],"CR,":[141],"adopting":[144],"informal":[145],"strategies,":[148],"access":[150],"onboard":[152],"rest":[153],"facilities":[154],"remained":[155],"limited.":[156],"levels":[158],"sleep":[162],"duration,":[163],"flight":[164],"time,":[165],"overnight":[167],"operations.":[168],"These":[169],"findings":[170],"highlight":[171],"importance":[173],"integrating":[175],"comprehensive":[180],"FRMS,":[181],"emphasizing":[182],"commitment":[187],"effectively":[189],"mitigate":[190],"pilot":[191],"enhance":[194],"safety.":[196]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2026-10-23T00:00:00"}