{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7223199190","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2610.28732","title":"Interacting quantum reference frames","display_name":"Interacting quantum reference frames","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7223199190","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2610.28732"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2610.28732","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.28732","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2610.28732","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2610.28732","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066077149","display_name":"Leonardo Chataignier","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6691-3695","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6691-3695"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125245","display_name":"Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas F\u00edsicas","ror":"https://ror.org/02wnmk332","country_code":"BR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125245","https://openalex.org/I4210151455"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chataignier, Leonardo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas F\u00edsicas , Rua Dr. Xavier Sigaud 150 , Urca , CEP : 22290-180 , Rio de Janeiro , RJ , Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas F\u00edsicas , Rua Dr. Xavier Sigaud 150 , Urca , CEP : 22290-180 , Rio de Janeiro , RJ , Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125245"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053726428","display_name":"Alexander R. H. Smith","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4618-4832","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4618-4832"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107672454","display_name":"Dartmouth College","ror":"https://ror.org/049s0rh22","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107672454"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31649931","display_name":"Saint Anselm College","ror":"https://ror.org/04eybkn52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31649931"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Smith, Alexander R. H.","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics , Saint Anselm College , Manchester , New Hampshire 03102 , USA","Department of Physics and Astronomy , Dartmouth College , Hanover , New Hampshire 03755 , USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics , Saint Anselm College , Manchester , New Hampshire 03102 , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31649931"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics and Astronomy , Dartmouth College , Hanover , New Hampshire 03755 , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107672454"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10622","display_name":"Quantum Mechanics and Applications","score":0.4595000147819519,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10622","display_name":"Quantum Mechanics and Applications","score":0.4595000147819519,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11415","display_name":"Noncommutative and Quantum Gravity Theories","score":0.4262999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3106","display_name":"Nuclear and High Energy Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11960","display_name":"Relativity and Gravitational Theory","score":0.06849999725818634,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-reference-frames","display_name":"quantum reference frames","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dirac-quantization-condition","display_name":"Dirac quantization","score":0.9290000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gauge-theory","display_name":"gauge theory","score":0.7070000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/group-averaging","display_name":"group averaging","score":0.7239999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coherent-states","display_name":"coherent states","score":0.8870000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/page-wootters-mechanism","display_name":"Page-Wootters mechanism","score":0.8389999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relational-quantum-mechanics","display_name":"relational quantum mechanics","score":0.6060000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/temporal-reference-frames","display_name":"temporal reference frames","score":0.6129999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-reference-frames","display_name":"spatial reference frames","score":0.8659999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entanglement","display_name":"entanglement","score":0.734000027179718}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62799726","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190056","display_name":"Hilbert space","level":2,"score":0.6044999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.574400007724762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172849965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3148875","display_name":"Reference frame","level":3,"score":0.5126000046730042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28855332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q198099","display_name":"Quantization (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.4505999982357025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67820243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179164","display_name":"Unitary state","level":2,"score":0.43230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32848918","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845789","display_name":"Observable","level":2,"score":0.4259999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116672817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1454986","display_name":"Physical system","level":2,"score":0.41850000619888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179957908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q907206","display_name":"POVM","level":5,"score":0.3709000051021576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.36559998989105225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778926657","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum system","level":3,"score":0.3587999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15706264","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q230883","display_name":"Quantum state","level":3,"score":0.35040000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74992021","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184876","display_name":"Frame of reference","level":2,"score":0.349700003862381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51255310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1163016","display_name":"Tensor product","level":2,"score":0.34549999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154018700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898323","display_name":"Path integral formulation","level":3,"score":0.34220001101493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207060392","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1353947","display_name":"Second quantization","level":4,"score":0.31850001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33332235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18362","display_name":"Theoretical physics","level":1,"score":0.3037000000476837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188313703","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1972470","display_name":"Unitary operator","level":3,"score":0.2930999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181830111","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214850","display_name":"Gauge theory","level":2,"score":0.29280000925064087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11516046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1055807","display_name":"Group representation","level":3,"score":0.2872999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17020691","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q139677","display_name":"Operator (biology)","level":5,"score":0.27970001101493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43682372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7269080","display_name":"Quantum operation","level":4,"score":0.27320000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187834632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188804","display_name":"Factorization","level":2,"score":0.2671999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.2583000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99072794","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1500617","display_name":"Unitary group","level":3,"score":0.25619998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136119220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1000660","display_name":"Algebra over a field","level":2,"score":0.25609999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186123792","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390277","display_name":"SIC-POVM","level":5,"score":0.2542000114917755}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2610.28732","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.28732","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2610.28732","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2610.28732","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2610.28732","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2610.28732","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2610.28732","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.28732","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2610.28732","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7223199190.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7223199190.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2883197588","https://openalex.org/W2890914617","https://openalex.org/W3208259527","https://openalex.org/W4322760804","https://openalex.org/W4405713913","https://openalex.org/W4414099025","https://openalex.org/W7149100372","https://openalex.org/W7152045282","https://openalex.org/W7164034163","https://openalex.org/W7166671555","https://openalex.org/W7170610488","https://openalex.org/W7171711353","https://openalex.org/W7203651770","https://openalex.org/W7203686774"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3106593475","https://openalex.org/W7133885021","https://openalex.org/W4309037153","https://openalex.org/W2285665705","https://openalex.org/W7096956611","https://openalex.org/W2954396617","https://openalex.org/W4366198566","https://openalex.org/W3208259527","https://openalex.org/W4389500795","https://openalex.org/W7096701718"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,27,199,252],"formulate":[1],"quantum":[2,39],"reference":[3,40,190],"frames":[4,191],"within":[5],"the":[6,29,68,77,99,115,138,158,193,241,244,248,255,262,279],"Dirac":[7,143],"quantization":[8],"of":[9,45,53,61,86,89,105,108,114,127,141,148,164,181,236,243,257],"gauge":[10,30],"theories,":[11],"where":[12,261],"physical":[13,78,100,249],"states":[14,47,123],"are":[15,238],"obtained":[16,145],"from":[17,146],"a":[18,38,43,50,58,87,112,131,162,175,179,208,221],"kinematical":[19],"Hilbert":[20,101],"space":[21,102],"$\\mathcal{H}_{\\rm":[22,62,182],"kin}$":[23],"by":[24,240],"group":[25,31,51],"averaging.":[26],"assume":[28],"$G$":[32,170],"is":[33,103,156,166,227,274],"unimodular,":[34],"and":[35,124,192,217,219,270],"we":[36,74],"define":[37,121],"frame":[41,54,90,132,165,269],"as":[42,174],"system":[44],"coherent":[46],"associated":[48],"with":[49,67,92],"$G_R$":[52],"orientations":[55],"acting":[56],"on":[57,278],"tensor":[59],"factor":[60],"kin}$.":[63,183],"In":[64],"direct":[65],"analogy":[66],"Faddeev-Popov":[69],"procedure":[70],"in":[71,84,229,247,267,272],"path":[72],"integrals,":[73],"show":[75],"that":[76,98,157,160,207,220],"inner":[79,250],"product":[80],"can":[81],"be":[82],"written":[83],"terms":[85],"choice":[88,107],"orientation":[91],"an":[93,214,230],"appropriate":[94,231],"operator":[95],"measure,":[96],"but":[97],"independent":[104],"this":[106,201],"frame.":[109],"This":[110],"yields":[111],"generalization":[113],"Page-Wootters":[116],"reduction":[117],"map":[118,159],"used":[119],"to":[120,137,197,203,276],"conditional":[122,125],"probabilities":[126,135],"measurement":[128],"outcomes":[129],"given":[130],"orientation.":[133],"These":[134],"correspond":[136],"expectation":[139],"values":[140],"relational":[142],"observables":[144],"generalizations":[147],"previously":[149,222],"considered":[150],"relativization":[151],"maps.":[152],"Our":[153],"main":[154],"result":[155],"implements":[161],"change":[163],"unitary,":[167],"even":[168],"when":[169],"does":[171],"not":[172],"act":[173],"tensor-product":[176],"representation":[177],"across":[178],"factorization":[180],"The":[184],"formalism":[185,202],"therefore":[186],"accommodates":[187],"interactions":[188],"between":[189,265],"systems":[194],"described":[195],"relative":[196],"them.":[198],"apply":[200],"temporal":[204],"frames,":[205,260],"showing":[206],"unitary":[209],"Schr\u00f6dinger":[210,225],"equation":[211,226],"emerges":[212],"for":[213],"interacting":[215,258],"clock":[216],"system,":[218],"reported":[223],"time-nonlocal":[224],"recovered":[228],"limit.":[232],"With":[233],"this,":[234],"problems":[235],"non-unitarity":[237],"avoided":[239],"use":[242],"gauge-fixing":[245],"measure":[246],"product.":[251],"also":[253],"discuss":[254],"case":[256],"spatial":[259],"known":[263],"correspondence":[264],"coherence":[266],"one":[268],"entanglement":[271],"another":[273],"shown":[275],"depend":[277],"coupling.":[280]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2026-10-23T00:00:00"}
