{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7223181769","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.21806","title":"Moderators of metabolic threshold adaptations: a systematic review and meta-analysis","display_name":"Moderators of metabolic threshold adaptations: a systematic review and meta-analysis","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7223181769","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.21806","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42928904","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13695963"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.7717/peerj.21806","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.21806","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.21806","pdf_url":"https://peerj.com/articles/21806.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1983995261","display_name":"PeerJ","issn_l":"2167-8359","issn":["2167-8359"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320104","host_organization_name":"PeerJ, Inc.","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320104"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["PeerJ, Inc."],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PeerJ","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://peerj.com/articles/21806.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011051616","display_name":"Ratko Peri\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3345-6293","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3345-6293"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ratko Peric","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Exercise Physiology, Orthopedic Clinic OrthoSport Banja Luka, Banja Luka,  Bosnia and Herzegovina"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Exercise Physiology, Orthopedic Clinic OrthoSport Banja Luka, Banja Luka,  Bosnia and Herzegovina","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001364127","display_name":"\u0417\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8606-1503","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8606-1503","https://orcid.org/0009-0009-6601-4556"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92251255","display_name":"University of Split","ror":"https://ror.org/00m31ft63","country_code":"HR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92251255"]}],"countries":["HR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zoran Nikolovski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Split, Croatia","High Performance Sport Centre, Croatian Olympic Committee, Zagreb, Croatia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Split, Croatia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92251255"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"High Performance Sport Centre, Croatian Olympic Committee, Zagreb, Croatia","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037060123","display_name":"Dario Vrdoljak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1259-6230","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1259-6230"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405260628","display_name":"University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus","ror":"https://ror.org/04241wz75","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490","https://openalex.org/I4405260628"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dario Vrdoljak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405260628"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5094187342","display_name":"Antonela Karmen Ivi\u0161i\u0107","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92251255","display_name":"University of Split","ror":"https://ror.org/00m31ft63","country_code":"HR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92251255"]}],"countries":["HR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Antonela Karmen Ivisic","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Split, Croatia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Split, Croatia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92251255"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159249611","display_name":"Isaac A. Chavez-Guevara","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173664879","display_name":"Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Baja California","ror":"https://ror.org/05xwcq167","country_code":"MX","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173664879"]}],"countries":["MX"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Isaac A. Chavez-Guevara","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Sports Ensenada, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Baja California, Baja California, Mexico"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Sports Ensenada, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Baja California, Baja California, Mexico","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173664879"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159253282","display_name":"Jara Vriese","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1334415907","display_name":"University Medical Center Groningen","ror":"https://ror.org/03cv38k47","country_code":"NL","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1334415907"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169381384","display_name":"University of Groningen","ror":"https://ror.org/012p63287","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jara Vriese","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1334415907","https://openalex.org/I169381384"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005442726","display_name":"Carlo Ferri Marini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6866-997X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6866-997X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1334415907","display_name":"University Medical Center Groningen","ror":"https://ror.org/03cv38k47","country_code":"NL","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1334415907"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169381384","display_name":"University of Groningen","ror":"https://ror.org/012p63287","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Carlo Ferri Marini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1334415907","https://openalex.org/I169381384"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5005442726","https://openalex.org/A5011051616"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1334415907","https://openalex.org/I169381384"],"apc_list":{"value":1395,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1395},"apc_paid":{"value":1395,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1395},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.66012397,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"e21806","last_page":"e21806"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10157","display_name":"Sports Performance and Training","score":0.8003000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2732","display_name":"Orthopedics and Sports Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10157","display_name":"Sports Performance and Training","score":0.8003000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2732","display_name":"Orthopedics and Sports Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11209","display_name":"Cardiovascular and exercise physiology","score":0.19699999690055847,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2707","display_name":"Complementary and alternative medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10813","display_name":"Sport Psychology and Performance","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metabolic-threshold","display_name":"metabolic threshold","score":0.7120000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerobic-threshold","display_name":"aerobic threshold","score":0.902999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anaerobic-threshold","display_name":"anaerobic threshold","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exercise-intensity","display_name":"exercise intensity","score":0.8299999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/endurance-training-adaptation","display_name":"endurance training adaptation","score":0.6790000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vo2max","display_name":"VO2max","score":0.859000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lactate-threshold","display_name":"lactate threshold","score":0.7369999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/individualized-training-prescription","display_name":"individualized training prescription","score":0.7919999957084656}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776294035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3480702","display_name":"Lactate threshold","level":5,"score":0.6947000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93225998","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1941972","display_name":"Moderation","level":2,"score":0.6446999907493591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5140985","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483866","display_name":"Anaerobic exercise","level":2,"score":0.6421999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93038891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061524","display_name":"Intensity (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4788999855518341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5274069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2285707","display_name":"Categorical variable","level":2,"score":0.45010000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196310339","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60354","display_name":"VO2 max","level":4,"score":0.42820000648498535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.4056999981403351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142853389","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q744778","display_name":"Association (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3799999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3628000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778560200","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23807967","display_name":"Ventilatory threshold","level":5,"score":0.353300005197525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99476002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42297","display_name":"Analysis of variance","level":2,"score":0.34549999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.3208000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777211547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141490","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","level":2,"score":0.3019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202632270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7798106","display_name":"Threshold model","level":2,"score":0.2919999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77350462","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1125472","display_name":"Confounding","level":2,"score":0.2808000147342682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99508421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2678675","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","level":1,"score":0.2759000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99830354","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q362854","display_name":"Endurance training","level":2,"score":0.2711000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129848803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2564360","display_name":"Sample size determination","level":2,"score":0.2711000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018542373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14901436","display_name":"Metabolic adaptation","level":3,"score":0.2671999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178441611","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q472094","display_name":"Training effect","level":3,"score":0.25859999656677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103038586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1152037","display_name":"Aerobic exercise","level":2,"score":0.25690001249313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776811442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5420058","display_name":"Exercise intensity","level":4,"score":0.2535000145435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152877465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208042","display_name":"Regression analysis","level":2,"score":0.25119999051094055}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000222","descriptor_name":"Adaptation, Physiological","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010101","descriptor_name":"Oxygen Consumption","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010807","descriptor_name":"Physical Endurance","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015308","descriptor_name":"Anaerobic Threshold","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.7717/peerj.21806","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.21806","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.21806","pdf_url":"https://peerj.com/articles/21806.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1983995261","display_name":"PeerJ","issn_l":"2167-8359","issn":["2167-8359"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320104","host_organization_name":"PeerJ, Inc.","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320104"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["PeerJ, Inc."],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PeerJ","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13695963","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13695963/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13695963/pdf/peerj-14-21806.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PeerJ","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:42928904","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42928904","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PeerJ","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:7dcb423199ed4b3b84c9635bf8df25e6","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/7dcb423199ed4b3b84c9635bf8df25e6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PeerJ, Vol 14, p e21806 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.7717/peerj.21806","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.21806","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.21806","pdf_url":"https://peerj.com/articles/21806.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1983995261","display_name":"PeerJ","issn_l":"2167-8359","issn":["2167-8359"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320104","host_organization_name":"PeerJ, Inc.","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320104"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["PeerJ, Inc."],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PeerJ","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9391000270843506,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/systematic-review","display_name":"Systematic Review"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/meta-analysis","display_name":"Meta-Analysis"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7223181769.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7223181769.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":79,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W176317830","https://openalex.org/W1881383198","https://openalex.org/W1899906888","https://openalex.org/W1963820463","https://openalex.org/W1964192204","https://openalex.org/W1964334767","https://openalex.org/W1970989713","https://openalex.org/W1979053168","https://openalex.org/W1981188819","https://openalex.org/W1981898893","https://openalex.org/W1983962926","https://openalex.org/W1995381409","https://openalex.org/W1995945562","https://openalex.org/W2006497677","https://openalex.org/W2008878870","https://openalex.org/W2009518991","https://openalex.org/W2010142757","https://openalex.org/W2016548824","https://openalex.org/W2030960136","https://openalex.org/W2035177555","https://openalex.org/W2040298059","https://openalex.org/W2042872437","https://openalex.org/W2043778196","https://openalex.org/W2055757491","https://openalex.org/W2064945988","https://openalex.org/W2080255336","https://openalex.org/W2080533286","https://openalex.org/W2080888124","https://openalex.org/W2096632664","https://openalex.org/W2104155580","https://openalex.org/W2107621770","https://openalex.org/W2115709314","https://openalex.org/W2136767897","https://openalex.org/W2139168999","https://openalex.org/W2144427278","https://openalex.org/W2144515764","https://openalex.org/W2151256899","https://openalex.org/W2156319434","https://openalex.org/W2157823046","https://openalex.org/W2160427475","https://openalex.org/W2161331199","https://openalex.org/W2168745915","https://openalex.org/W2531269403","https://openalex.org/W2532232504","https://openalex.org/W2532414435","https://openalex.org/W2564232048","https://openalex.org/W2617439360","https://openalex.org/W2766351391","https://openalex.org/W2795504602","https://openalex.org/W2806257935","https://openalex.org/W2908304785","https://openalex.org/W2970684805","https://openalex.org/W2971629420","https://openalex.org/W2995049145","https://openalex.org/W3114836706","https://openalex.org/W3165784472","https://openalex.org/W3198824206","https://openalex.org/W4221129744","https://openalex.org/W4225013472","https://openalex.org/W4233620411","https://openalex.org/W4281744965","https://openalex.org/W4294215472","https://openalex.org/W4297918764","https://openalex.org/W4313576992","https://openalex.org/W4321457659","https://openalex.org/W4384665078","https://openalex.org/W4390788664","https://openalex.org/W4391972783","https://openalex.org/W4392936029","https://openalex.org/W4403276049","https://openalex.org/W4403293954","https://openalex.org/W4404310370","https://openalex.org/W4404317964","https://openalex.org/W4405732314","https://openalex.org/W4408256183","https://openalex.org/W4408664200","https://openalex.org/W4411625299","https://openalex.org/W4411867829","https://openalex.org/W4415214858"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2413888664","https://openalex.org/W2010142757","https://openalex.org/W1964334767","https://openalex.org/W4399389819","https://openalex.org/W2626444196","https://openalex.org/W4404310370","https://openalex.org/W7120524259","https://openalex.org/W2113722281","https://openalex.org/W1971807219","https://openalex.org/W6884633973"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Optimal":[0],"training":[1,103,110,137,147,172,190,237,242,279,290,308],"intensity":[2,111,138,173,243],"relative":[3,28,112],"to":[4,58,113,284,287],"individual":[5,289],"metabolic":[6,115,258],"thresholds":[7],"remains":[8],"ambiguous":[9],"despite":[10],"its":[11],"fundamental":[12],"importance":[13],"in":[14,35,52,124,272],"endurance":[15],"sports.":[16],"The":[17,43],"present":[18],"pre-registered":[19],"systematic":[20],"review":[21],"and":[22,39,107,157,234,295,300],"meta-analysis":[23],"(PROSPERO:":[24],"CRD420251020702)":[25],"evaluated":[26],"the":[27,36,48,96,114,118,149,253,267,273],"influence":[29],"of":[30,50,136,171],"potential":[31],"moderators":[32,98],"on":[33],"adaptations":[34,185,251],"aerobic":[37],"(AeT)":[38],"anaerobic":[40],"(AnT)":[41],"thresholds.":[42],"primary":[44,246],"outcome":[45],"variable":[46],"was":[47,139,174],"magnitude":[49],"change":[51],"physiological":[53],"threshold":[54,116,224,250],"values":[55],"from":[56],"pre-":[57],"post-intervention,":[59],"quantified":[60,81],"through":[61],"power":[62],"output":[63],"(W),":[64],"speed":[65],"(km/h),":[66],"or":[67,263],"oxygen":[68],"uptake":[69],"metrics":[70],"(VO":[71],"2max":[72],").":[73],"Three-level":[74],"meta-analytic":[75],"models":[76],"with":[77,122,145,154,180,249,256,280],"cluster-robust":[78],"variance":[79],"estimation":[80],"Log":[82],"Response":[83],"Ratio":[84],"effect":[85,135,170],"sizes":[86],"across":[87,200],"13":[88],"studies":[89,303],"(24":[90],"intervention":[91,108],"groups,":[92],"338":[93],"participants).":[94],"Among":[95],"substantive":[97],"examined":[99],"(":[100,129,141,163,176,191,227],"i.e.":[101],",":[102,229],"intensity,":[104],"participant":[105],"status,":[106],"length),":[109],"showed":[117],"most":[119],"consistent":[120],"association":[121],"changes":[123],"threshold-related":[125],"outcomes.":[126],"For":[127,161],"AeT":[128],"k":[130,164],"=":[131,143,165,178,193],"9),":[132],"a":[133,167,196,245],"significant":[134,168],"observed":[140,175],"p":[142,177,192],"0.017),":[144],"supra-threshold":[146,187,257,269,278],"showing":[148],"largest":[150],"improvement":[151],"(+38.7%)":[152],"compared":[153],"at-threshold":[155],"(+14.7%)":[156],"sub-threshold":[158,189],"(+18.4%)":[159],"training.":[160],"AnT":[162],"15),":[166],"categorical":[169],"0.008),":[179],"post-hoc":[181],"comparisons":[182],"revealing":[183],"greater":[184],"for":[186],"versus":[188],"0.010),":[194],"alongside":[195],"graded":[197],"descriptive":[198],"pattern":[199],"categories":[201],"(below:":[202],"+2.6%,":[203],"at:":[204],"\u223c+7%,":[205],"above:":[206],"+12.2%).":[207],"However,":[208,292],"substantial":[209,293],"heterogeneity":[210,294],"persisted":[211],"(AeT:":[212],"I":[213,218],"2":[214,219],"\u2248":[215,220],"89%;":[216],"AnT:":[217],"53%),":[221],"likely":[222],"reflecting":[223],"identification":[225],"bias":[226],"e.g.":[228],"lactate":[230],"vs.":[231],"gas":[232],"analysis)":[233],"varying":[235],"background":[236],"distributions.":[238],"These":[239],"findings":[240],"identify":[241],"as":[244],"moderator":[247],"associated":[248],"within":[252,266],"current":[254],"literature,":[255],"range":[259],"consistently":[260],"outperforming":[261],"at-":[262],"below-threshold":[264],"prescriptions":[265],"limited":[268],"ranges":[270],"represented":[271],"included":[274],"studies.":[275],"Therefore,":[276],"individualized,":[277],"regular":[281],"reassessment":[282],"seems":[283],"be":[285,311],"recommended":[286],"optimize":[288],"responses.":[291],"methodological":[296],"variability":[297],"warrant":[298],"caution,":[299],"further":[301],"well-controlled":[302],"are":[304],"needed":[305],"before":[306],"definitive":[307],"recommendations":[309],"can":[310],"made.":[312]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-10-22T00:00:00"}