{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7223177474","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2026.1962375","title":"Crosslinking-controlled biopolymer biomaterials for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine: network chemistry, processing, and mechanistically informed validation","display_name":"Crosslinking-controlled biopolymer biomaterials for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine: network chemistry, processing, and mechanistically informed validation","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7223177474","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2026.1962375","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42991647","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13736600"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fbioe.2026.1962375","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2026.1962375","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2026.1962375","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/bioengineering-and-biotechnology/articles/10.3389/fbioe.2026.1962375/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2595131146","display_name":"Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology","issn_l":"2296-4185","issn":["2296-4185"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/bioengineering-and-biotechnology/articles/10.3389/fbioe.2026.1962375/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159228685","display_name":"Stefano Bellucci","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210141827","display_name":"Universidad Ecotec","ror":"https://ror.org/04pe1sa24","country_code":"EC","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210141827"]}],"countries":["EC"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Stefano Bellucci","raw_affiliation_strings":["Qi S.r.l","Universidad Ecotec"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qi S.r.l","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universidad Ecotec","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141827"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5159228685"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141827"],"apc_list":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"apc_paid":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.40465533,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"1962375","last_page":"1962375"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10343","display_name":"Hydrogels: synthesis, properties, applications","score":0.9390000104904175,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2502","display_name":"Biomaterials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10343","display_name":"Hydrogels: synthesis, properties, applications","score":0.9390000104904175,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2502","display_name":"Biomaterials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12264","display_name":"Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine","score":0.027300000190734863,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11966","display_name":"Silk-based biomaterials and applications","score":0.013899999670684338,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2502","display_name":"Biomaterials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cross-linking","display_name":"crosslinking","score":0.9290000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biopolymer-scaffolds","display_name":"biopolymer scaffolds","score":0.9020000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tissue-engineering","display_name":"tissue engineering","score":0.6399999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regenerative-medicine","display_name":"regenerative medicine","score":0.9900000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/collagen","display_name":"collagen","score":0.8019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gelatin","display_name":"gelatin","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyaluronic-acid","display_name":"hyaluronic acid","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/silk-fibroin","display_name":"silk fibroin","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chitosan","display_name":"chitosan","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alginate","display_name":"alginate","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fibrin","display_name":"fibrin","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covalent-cross-linking","display_name":"covalent cross-linking","score":0.9089999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photo-crosslinking","display_name":"photocrosslinking","score":0.9269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enzymatic-cross-linking","display_name":"enzymatic crosslinking","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ionic-crosslinking","display_name":"ionic crosslinking","score":0.9010000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-crosslinking","display_name":"physical crosslinking","score":0.9570000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-covalent-crosslinking","display_name":"dynamic covalent crosslinking","score":0.9330000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extrusion-based-bioprinting","display_name":"extrusion-based bioprinting","score":0.9440000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrospinning","display_name":"electrospinning","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/freeze-drying","display_name":"freeze-drying","score":0.9599999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/injectable-hydrogel","display_name":"injectable hydrogel","score":0.9860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/porous-scaffolds","display_name":"porous scaffolds","score":0.8730000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-characterization","display_name":"network characterization","score":0.6639999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sterilization","display_name":"sterilization","score":0.7229999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cell-material-interactions","display_name":"cell-material interactions","score":0.7049999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regenerative-microenvironment","display_name":"regenerative microenvironment","score":0.7900000214576721}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778636629","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422649","display_name":"Biopolymer","level":3,"score":0.829200029373169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89429830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735710","display_name":"Scaffold","level":2,"score":0.7752000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10854531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061415","display_name":"Regenerative medicine","level":3,"score":0.7735999822616577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49892992","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540285","display_name":"Tissue engineering","level":2,"score":0.722100019454956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.5694000124931335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171056886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193119","display_name":"Regeneration (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4237000048160553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777529286","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q337231","display_name":"Hyaluronic acid","level":2,"score":0.40799999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.3476000130176544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136229726","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327092","display_name":"Biomedical engineering","level":1,"score":0.3467000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2909316542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422649","display_name":"Natural polymers","level":3,"score":0.3427000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108586683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17164826","display_name":"Self-healing hydrogels","level":2,"score":0.34200000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.3393000066280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778414984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865663","display_name":"Biomaterial","level":2,"score":0.3285999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26291073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q310484","display_name":"Ex vivo","level":3,"score":0.3012000024318695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183696295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2487696","display_name":"Biochemical engineering","level":1,"score":0.299699991941452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.29809999465942383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.28060001134872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68416499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7001033","display_name":"Network formation","level":2,"score":0.25270000100135803}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fbioe.2026.1962375","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2026.1962375","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2026.1962375","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/bioengineering-and-biotechnology/articles/10.3389/fbioe.2026.1962375/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2595131146","display_name":"Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology","issn_l":"2296-4185","issn":["2296-4185"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13736600","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13736600/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13736600/pdf/fbioe-14-1962375.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Front Bioeng Biotechnol","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:42991647","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42991647","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:961b244939ac4179b73650b0a68a2af4","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/961b244939ac4179b73650b0a68a2af4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Vol 14 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fbioe.2026.1962375","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2026.1962375","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2026.1962375","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/bioengineering-and-biotechnology/articles/10.3389/fbioe.2026.1962375/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2595131146","display_name":"Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology","issn_l":"2296-4185","issn":["2296-4185"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331528","display_name":"Ministero dell'Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","ror":"https://ror.org/0341vw408"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7223177474.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7223177474.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":56,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1120477740","https://openalex.org/W1971339046","https://openalex.org/W1971500643","https://openalex.org/W1972659765","https://openalex.org/W1977784832","https://openalex.org/W1995063875","https://openalex.org/W2026799007","https://openalex.org/W2037810763","https://openalex.org/W2055037957","https://openalex.org/W2060077653","https://openalex.org/W2103924242","https://openalex.org/W2106727463","https://openalex.org/W2131945662","https://openalex.org/W2134208433","https://openalex.org/W2161162374","https://openalex.org/W2263512280","https://openalex.org/W2263700479","https://openalex.org/W2270498673","https://openalex.org/W2279201664","https://openalex.org/W2773106300","https://openalex.org/W2790281145","https://openalex.org/W2897761451","https://openalex.org/W2898695058","https://openalex.org/W2910745688","https://openalex.org/W2980081731","https://openalex.org/W3185267964","https://openalex.org/W4290564887","https://openalex.org/W4295886933","https://openalex.org/W4309605536","https://openalex.org/W4388637787","https://openalex.org/W4392168826","https://openalex.org/W4392303182","https://openalex.org/W4393197213","https://openalex.org/W4399752946","https://openalex.org/W4399807397","https://openalex.org/W4400424856","https://openalex.org/W4400624876","https://openalex.org/W4401475406","https://openalex.org/W4404026255","https://openalex.org/W4405528960","https://openalex.org/W4405922099","https://openalex.org/W4406716798","https://openalex.org/W4407063890","https://openalex.org/W4408244779","https://openalex.org/W4408803047","https://openalex.org/W4411000648","https://openalex.org/W4411154488","https://openalex.org/W4412390655","https://openalex.org/W4415697189","https://openalex.org/W4416212427","https://openalex.org/W7140841140","https://openalex.org/W7155351247","https://openalex.org/W7164916994","https://openalex.org/W7169829700","https://openalex.org/W7170153315","https://openalex.org/W7171392010"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2511527127","https://openalex.org/W4388823142","https://openalex.org/W143635040","https://openalex.org/W164989451","https://openalex.org/W4402520644","https://openalex.org/W4404041904","https://openalex.org/W2103791313","https://openalex.org/W2080445899","https://openalex.org/W2579168235","https://openalex.org/W1493163728"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Crosslinking":[0,186],"is":[1,18,90,148],"often":[2],"treated":[3],"as":[4,115,117,192,202],"a":[5,19,123,193,203],"technical":[6],"step":[7],"used":[8],"to":[9,92,131,150,163],"stabilize":[10],"biopolymer":[11,42],"scaffolds,":[12],"yet":[13],"in":[14,139],"regenerative":[15,48,144,198],"biomaterials":[16,43],"it":[17],"primary":[20],"design":[21],"variable":[22],"that":[23,51],"simultaneously":[24],"controls":[25,161],"network":[26,111,152,166],"mechanics,":[27],"viscoelasticity,":[28],"swelling,":[29],"molecular":[30],"transport,":[31],"degradation,":[32],"ligand":[33],"accessibility,":[34],"and":[35,47,55,64,78,103,106,142,160,180,190],"cell\u2013material":[36],"interactions.":[37],"This":[38],"Review":[39],"examines":[40],"crosslinked":[41],"for":[44],"tissue":[45],"engineering":[46],"medicine":[49],"through":[50],"network-centered":[52],"perspective.":[53],"Collagen":[54],"gelatin,":[56],"hyaluronic":[57],"acid,":[58],"silk":[59],"fibroin,":[60],"chitosan,":[61],"alginate,":[62],"fibrin,":[63],"related":[65],"matrices":[66],"are":[67,183],"considered":[68],"with":[69],"emphasis":[70],"on":[71],"how":[72,88],"covalent,":[73],"photoinduced,":[74],"enzymatic,":[75],"ionic,":[76],"physical,":[77],"dynamic":[79],"covalent":[80],"crosslinking":[81,89],"generate":[82],"distinct":[83],"biological":[84],"microenvironments.":[85],"We":[86,121],"analyze":[87],"coupled":[91],"processing":[93],"routes":[94],"including":[95],"extrusion":[96],"bioprinting,":[97],"electrospinning,":[98],"freeze-drying,":[99],"injectable":[100],"hydrogel":[101],"formation,":[102],"porous-scaffold":[104],"fabrication,":[105],"why":[107],"the":[108,197],"timing":[109],"of":[110,196,206],"formation":[112],"can":[113],"be":[114,188],"important":[116],"nominal":[118],"polymer":[119],"composition.":[120],"propose":[122],"mechanistically":[124],"informed":[125],"evidence":[126],"chain":[127],"connecting":[128],"material":[129],"definition":[130],"hydrated-state":[132],"properties,":[133],"cellular":[134],"response,":[135],"ex":[136],"vivo":[137,140],"or":[138],"behavior,":[141],"tissue-specific":[143],"outcomes.":[145],"Particular":[146],"attention":[147],"given":[149],"quantitative":[151],"characterization,":[153],"reproducibility,":[154],"sterilization,":[155],"storage,":[156],"aging-related":[157],"property":[158],"drift,":[159],"needed":[162],"distinguish":[164],"genuine":[165],"effects":[167],"from":[168],"formulation":[169],"confounders.":[170],"Clinical":[171],"trials,":[172],"patient":[173],"data,":[174],"patent":[175],"landscapes,":[176],"regulatory":[177],"pathways,":[178],"commercialization,":[179],"product-development":[181],"strategies":[182],"intentionally":[184],"excluded.":[185],"should":[187],"designed":[189],"reported":[191],"multidimensional":[194],"regulator":[195],"microenvironment":[199],"rather":[200],"than":[201],"single":[204],"measure":[205],"scaffold":[207],"stability.":[208]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2026-10-22T00:00:00"}
