{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7223174656","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2026.1973780","title":"Ginsenosides in hepatocellular carcinoma: preclinical evidence, mechanisms, and clinical implications","display_name":"Ginsenosides in hepatocellular carcinoma: preclinical evidence, mechanisms, and clinical implications","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7223174656","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2026.1973780","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42991597","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13736101"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fphar.2026.1973780","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2026.1973780","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2026.1973780","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pharmacology/articles/10.3389/fphar.2026.1973780/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S132108250","display_name":"Frontiers in Pharmacology","issn_l":"1663-9812","issn":["1663-9812"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Pharmacology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pharmacology/articles/10.3389/fphar.2026.1973780/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100660094","display_name":"Yu Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7387-1198","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7387-1198"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I49232843","display_name":"Changchun University","ror":"https://ror.org/02an57k10","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I49232843"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Caixin Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Special Education, Changchun University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Special Education, Changchun University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I49232843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159238117","display_name":"Xinyue Zhu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I49232843","display_name":"Changchun University","ror":"https://ror.org/02an57k10","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I49232843"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinyue Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Special Education, Changchun University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Special Education, Changchun University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I49232843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159253729","display_name":"Shiqi Liu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I49232843","display_name":"Changchun University","ror":"https://ror.org/02an57k10","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I49232843"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shiqi Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Special Education, Changchun University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Special Education, Changchun University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I49232843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159254803","display_name":"Yun Ding","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I49232843","display_name":"Changchun University","ror":"https://ror.org/02an57k10","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I49232843"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yun Ding","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Special Education, Changchun University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Special Education, Changchun University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I49232843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159233025","display_name":"Hong Fu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I49232843","display_name":"Changchun University","ror":"https://ror.org/02an57k10","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I49232843"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hong Fu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Special Education, Changchun University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Special Education, Changchun University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I49232843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159251722","display_name":"Yan Li","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106645853","display_name":"Changchun University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/007mntk44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106645853"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Medicine, Changchun University of Science and Technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Medicine, Changchun University of Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106645853"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116574657","display_name":"Meichen Gai","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210141683","display_name":"China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/042pgcv68","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210141683"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210146387","display_name":"Guang\u2019anmen Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/04gjmb875","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210146387"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Meichen Gai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Internal Medicine, Guang\u2019anmen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Internal Medicine, Guang\u2019anmen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141683","https://openalex.org/I4210146387"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030953052","display_name":"Mengyao Tan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7496-8544","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7496-8544"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mengyao Tan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Qingdao Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qingdao Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159230863","display_name":"Zhongwei Zhao","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I49232843","display_name":"Changchun University","ror":"https://ror.org/02an57k10","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I49232843"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhongwei Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Special Education, Changchun University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Special Education, Changchun University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I49232843"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5159230863"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I49232843"],"apc_list":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"apc_paid":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.58638743,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":null,"first_page":"1973780","last_page":"1973780"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11889","display_name":"Ginseng Biological Effects and Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3004","display_name":"Pharmacology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/30","display_name":"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11889","display_name":"Ginseng Biological Effects and Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3004","display_name":"Pharmacology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/30","display_name":"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11385","display_name":"Natural product bioactivities and synthesis","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1605","display_name":"Organic Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12817","display_name":"Pharmacological Effects of Natural Compounds","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3004","display_name":"Pharmacology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/30","display_name":"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ginsenosides","display_name":"ginsenosides","score":0.9769999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hepatocellular-carcinoma","display_name":"hepatocellular carcinoma","score":0.9629999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/panax-ginseng","display_name":"Panax ginseng","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rh2","display_name":"Rh2","score":0.9779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ginsenoside-rg3","display_name":"ginsenoside Rg3","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/apoptosis","display_name":"apoptosis","score":0.8700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autophagy","display_name":"autophagy","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tumor-microenvironment","display_name":"tumor microenvironment","score":0.9539999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metastasis","display_name":"metastasis","score":0.8130000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antitumor-immunity","display_name":"antitumor immunity","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bioavailability","display_name":"bioavailability","score":0.8410000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-delivery","display_name":"drug delivery","score":0.7379999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combination-therapy","display_name":"combination therapy","score":0.8669999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biomarkers","display_name":"biomarkers","score":0.7599999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/patient-stratification","display_name":"patient stratification","score":0.5440000295639038}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.7522000074386597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203522944","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q288322","display_name":"Autophagy","level":3,"score":0.5863000154495239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778019345","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1148337","display_name":"Hepatocellular carcinoma","level":2,"score":0.5648000240325928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77255625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q402093","display_name":"Reprogramming","level":3,"score":0.5041999816894531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128544194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q474859","display_name":"Translational research","level":2,"score":0.40560001134872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780035454","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8386","display_name":"Drug","level":2,"score":0.40549999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121608353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12078","display_name":"Cancer","level":2,"score":0.4050000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98274493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128406","display_name":"Pharmacology","level":1,"score":0.40400001406669617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60644358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128570","display_name":"Bioinformatics","level":1,"score":0.397599995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C535046627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30612","display_name":"Clinical trial","level":2,"score":0.3458999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C502942594","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3421914","display_name":"Cancer research","level":1,"score":0.3424000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64903051","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2198549","display_name":"Drug development","level":3,"score":0.3262999951839447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163763905","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17075943","display_name":"Precision medicine","level":2,"score":0.32350000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162264550","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17112037","display_name":"Translational medicine","level":2,"score":0.32019999623298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74187038","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1418791","display_name":"Drug discovery","level":2,"score":0.3068000078201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779232237","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20817212","display_name":"Ginseng","level":3,"score":0.30090001225471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143998085","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162555","display_name":"Oncology","level":1,"score":0.28929999470710754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992053201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2585693","display_name":"Clinical efficacy","level":2,"score":0.27250000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779974597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28448986","display_name":"Clinical Practice","level":2,"score":0.26820001006126404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779820397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1392806","display_name":"Drug delivery","level":2,"score":0.26080000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781197716","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864574","display_name":"Biomarker","level":2,"score":0.2574999928474426}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fphar.2026.1973780","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2026.1973780","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2026.1973780","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pharmacology/articles/10.3389/fphar.2026.1973780/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S132108250","display_name":"Frontiers in Pharmacology","issn_l":"1663-9812","issn":["1663-9812"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Pharmacology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13736101","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13736101/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13736101/pdf/fphar-17-1973780.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Front Pharmacol","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:42991597","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42991597","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in pharmacology","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1b2ff9d2e75f4cf8b6a7737dc345ccec","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1b2ff9d2e75f4cf8b6a7737dc345ccec","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Pharmacology, Vol 17 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fphar.2026.1973780","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2026.1973780","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2026.1973780","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pharmacology/articles/10.3389/fphar.2026.1973780/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S132108250","display_name":"Frontiers in Pharmacology","issn_l":"1663-9812","issn":["1663-9812"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Pharmacology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":1.0,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322174","display_name":"People's Government of Jilin Province","ror":"https://ror.org/02fzqav45"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7223174656.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7223174656.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":75,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1967135261","https://openalex.org/W1978583389","https://openalex.org/W1981310718","https://openalex.org/W1990067207","https://openalex.org/W2000309242","https://openalex.org/W2028335552","https://openalex.org/W2042322670","https://openalex.org/W2055048861","https://openalex.org/W2062159790","https://openalex.org/W2068803410","https://openalex.org/W2069135380","https://openalex.org/W2074340098","https://openalex.org/W2079585973","https://openalex.org/W2137464881","https://openalex.org/W2141071219","https://openalex.org/W2274127066","https://openalex.org/W2344056358","https://openalex.org/W2514552596","https://openalex.org/W2592417503","https://openalex.org/W2755296183","https://openalex.org/W2792481159","https://openalex.org/W2802583362","https://openalex.org/W2808965798","https://openalex.org/W2811477627","https://openalex.org/W2886683359","https://openalex.org/W2928826562","https://openalex.org/W2970953606","https://openalex.org/W2981557850","https://openalex.org/W2993060635","https://openalex.org/W3002197729","https://openalex.org/W3045059605","https://openalex.org/W3092842879","https://openalex.org/W3110694957","https://openalex.org/W3113091566","https://openalex.org/W3133538771","https://openalex.org/W3155732294","https://openalex.org/W3158558513","https://openalex.org/W3186629773","https://openalex.org/W3192208644","https://openalex.org/W3194497665","https://openalex.org/W3195611824","https://openalex.org/W4200239184","https://openalex.org/W4234949529","https://openalex.org/W4280547067","https://openalex.org/W4309040610","https://openalex.org/W4318978952","https://openalex.org/W4360839309","https://openalex.org/W4365810876","https://openalex.org/W4366462919","https://openalex.org/W4367175015","https://openalex.org/W4380989759","https://openalex.org/W4387418614","https://openalex.org/W4387660968","https://openalex.org/W4392602737","https://openalex.org/W4395463333","https://openalex.org/W4400292950","https://openalex.org/W4402316287","https://openalex.org/W4402455638","https://openalex.org/W4402972861","https://openalex.org/W4403888724","https://openalex.org/W4405436927","https://openalex.org/W4408098277","https://openalex.org/W4411565979","https://openalex.org/W4413054402","https://openalex.org/W4415327172","https://openalex.org/W4415929853","https://openalex.org/W4416688424","https://openalex.org/W7118686272","https://openalex.org/W7120246110","https://openalex.org/W7124263364","https://openalex.org/W7125775014","https://openalex.org/W7126211888","https://openalex.org/W7128013833","https://openalex.org/W7164937261","https://openalex.org/W7167685283"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4416188776","https://openalex.org/W4388720434","https://openalex.org/W4385811637","https://openalex.org/W4282827157","https://openalex.org/W7119101592","https://openalex.org/W4411080463","https://openalex.org/W4404419081","https://openalex.org/W4403888724","https://openalex.org/W2167403725","https://openalex.org/W7084092981"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Hepatocellular":[0],"carcinoma":[1],"(HCC)":[2],"remains":[3],"a":[4],"major":[5],"cause":[6],"of":[7,14,36,59,62,70,78,83,122],"cancer":[8],"mortality":[9],"worldwide,":[10],"with":[11],"limited":[12],"effectiveness":[13],"current":[15],"strategies":[16],"and":[17,23,42,46,64,68,81,108,119,128,157],"persistent":[18],"challenges":[19],"in":[20,55],"early":[21],"detection":[22],"outcome":[24],"prediction.":[25],"This":[26],"review":[27,88],"summarizes":[28],"the":[29,33,50,71,87,120,135,151],"preclinical":[30,137],"evidence":[31,75],"supporting":[32],"therapeutic":[34],"potential":[35],"ginsenosides":[37,141],"from":[38],"Panax":[39],"ginseng-particularly":[40],"Rh2":[41],"Rg3-in":[43],"HCC":[44,147],"cellular":[45],"animal":[47],"models.":[48],"Mechanistically,":[49],"antitumor":[51,84],"effects":[52],"are":[53,142],"discussed":[54],"relation":[56],"to":[57,112,160],"induction":[58],"apoptosis,":[60],"modulation":[61],"autophagy":[63],"other":[65],"cell-death-associated":[66],"signaling,":[67],"reprogramming":[69],"tumor":[72],"microenvironment,":[73],"alongside":[74],"for":[76,104,125,145,153],"suppression":[77],"metastatic":[79],"behavior":[80],"enhancement":[82],"immunity.":[85],"Finally,":[86],"provides":[89],"clinical":[90,132,162],"implications":[91],"by":[92],"highlighting":[93],"how":[94],"these":[95],"mechanistic":[96],"findings":[97],"may":[98],"inform":[99],"future":[100],"translation,":[101],"including":[102],"opportunities":[103],"rational":[105],"combination":[106],"regimens":[107],"drug":[109],"delivery":[110],"approaches":[111],"overcome":[113],"key":[114],"translational":[115,158],"bottlenecks-particularly":[116],"low":[117],"bioavailability":[118],"lack":[121],"reliable":[123],"biomarkers":[124],"response":[126],"prediction":[127],"patient":[129],"stratification-to":[130],"optimize":[131],"application.":[133],"Overall,":[134],"available":[136],"data":[138],"suggest":[139],"that":[140],"promising":[143],"candidates":[144],"improving":[146],"management,":[148],"while":[149],"emphasizing":[150],"need":[152],"further":[154],"mechanistically":[155],"rigorous":[156],"studies":[159],"support":[161],"optimization.":[163]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2026-10-22T00:00:00"}