{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7223126002","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.htct.2026.106704","title":"SELF-REPORTED RACE EXPLAINS ONE-THIRD OF THE VARIABILITY IN AFRICAN GENETIC ANCESTRY AMONG BRAZILIAN PATIENTS WITH SICKLE CELL DISEASE","display_name":"SELF-REPORTED RACE EXPLAINS ONE-THIRD OF THE VARIABILITY IN AFRICAN GENETIC ANCESTRY AMONG BRAZILIAN PATIENTS WITH SICKLE CELL DISEASE","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7223126002","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.htct.2026.106704"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.htct.2026.106704","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.htct.2026.106704","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.htct.2026.106704","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2898598332","display_name":"Hematology Transfusion and Cell Therapy","issn_l":"2531-1379","issn":["2531-1379","2531-1387"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","ki-jl-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-3","scielo"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Hematology, Transfusion and Cell Therapy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.htct.2026.106704","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126056837","display_name":"Isabel Cristina Gomes Moura","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110200422","display_name":"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais","ror":"https://ror.org/0176yjw32","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110200422"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Isabel Cristina Gomes MOURA","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110200422"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033668012","display_name":"Carla Luana Dinardo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0453-7863","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0453-7863","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6460-4546"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210157969","display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Pr\u00f3-Sangue Hemocentro de S\u00e3o Paulo","ror":"https://ror.org/05cjk9k86","country_code":"BR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210157969"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carla Luana DINARDO","raw_affiliation_strings":["Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Pr\u00f3-Sangue Hemocentro de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, SP, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Pr\u00f3-Sangue Hemocentro de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, SP, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210157969"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025474515","display_name":"Mina Cintho Ozahata","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1272-2380","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1272-2380"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17974374","display_name":"Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo","ror":"https://ror.org/036rp1748","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17974374"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mina Cintho OZAHATA","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo (USP), S\u00e3o Paulo, SP, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo (USP), S\u00e3o Paulo, SP, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17974374"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159178190","display_name":"Sheila De Oliveira Garcia MATEOS","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I156655148","display_name":"Universidade Municipal de S\u00e3o Caetano do Sul","ror":"https://ror.org/00gby0d64","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I156655148"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sheila MATEOS","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universidade Municipal de S\u00e3o Caetano do Sul (USCS), S\u00e3o Caetano do Sul, SP, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universidade Municipal de S\u00e3o Caetano do Sul (USCS), S\u00e3o Caetano do Sul, SP, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I156655148"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5095021880","display_name":"Marcio Oikawa","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17974374","display_name":"Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo","ror":"https://ror.org/036rp1748","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17974374"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M\u00e1rcio OIKAWA","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo (USP), S\u00e3o Paulo, SP, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo (USP), S\u00e3o Paulo, SP, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17974374"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126066297","display_name":"Alessandra Ferraz","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alessandra FERRAZ","raw_affiliation_strings":["Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Hematologia e Hemoterapia de Pernambuco (Hemope), Recife, PE, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Hematologia e Hemoterapia de Pernambuco (Hemope), Recife, PE, Brazil","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5157803497","display_name":"Luiz Amorim","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088663","display_name":"Hemorio","ror":"https://ror.org/003mvv560","country_code":"BR","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210088663","https://openalex.org/I4210136275","https://openalex.org/I4210142084","https://openalex.org/I4405262729"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luiz AMORIM","raw_affiliation_strings":["Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Hemorio, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Hemorio, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088663"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159185623","display_name":"Andr\u00e9 BELIS\u00e1RIO","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156083","display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Centro de Hematologia e Hemoterapia de Minas Gerais","ror":"https://ror.org/04n4r7e14","country_code":"BR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210156083"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andr\u00e9 BELIS\u00e1RIO","raw_affiliation_strings":["Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Hemominas, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Hemominas, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156083"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159177047","display_name":"Anna B\u00e1rbara PROIETTI","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156083","display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Centro de Hematologia e Hemoterapia de Minas Gerais","ror":"https://ror.org/04n4r7e14","country_code":"BR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210156083"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anna B\u00e1rbara PROIETTI","raw_affiliation_strings":["Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Hemominas, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Hemominas, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156083"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159185722","display_name":"Shannon KELLY","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405258483","display_name":"Vitalant Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/00r2ye360","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210157777","https://openalex.org/I4405258483"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shannon KELLY","raw_affiliation_strings":["Vitalant Research Institute, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vitalant Research Institute, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405258483"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5148410077","display_name":"Brian Custer","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405258483","display_name":"Vitalant Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/00r2ye360","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210157777","https://openalex.org/I4405258483"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brian CUSTER","raw_affiliation_strings":["Vitalant Research Institute, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vitalant Research Institute, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405258483"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5157596175","display_name":"Vanderson Rocha","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210157969","display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Pr\u00f3-Sangue Hemocentro de S\u00e3o Paulo","ror":"https://ror.org/05cjk9k86","country_code":"BR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210157969"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vanderson ROCHA","raw_affiliation_strings":["Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Pr\u00f3-Sangue Hemocentro de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, SP, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Pr\u00f3-Sangue Hemocentro de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, SP, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210157969"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":0,"currency":"USD","value_usd":0},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81982112,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"48","issue":null,"first_page":"106704","last_page":"106704"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10554","display_name":"Hemoglobinopathies and Related Disorders","score":0.8173999786376953,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2716","display_name":"Genetics (clinical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10554","display_name":"Hemoglobinopathies and Related Disorders","score":0.8173999786376953,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2716","display_name":"Genetics (clinical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12749","display_name":"Race, Genetics, and Society","score":0.1378999948501587,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3314","display_name":"Anthropology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10751","display_name":"Forensic and Genetic Research","score":0.015399999916553497,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sickle-cell-disease","display_name":"sickle cell disease","score":0.8600000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-reported-race","display_name":"self-reported race","score":0.8320000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/african-ancestry","display_name":"African ancestry","score":0.9890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-ancestry","display_name":"genetic ancestry","score":0.5019999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-mixing","display_name":"racial mixing","score":0.7020000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brazilian-population","display_name":"Brazilian population","score":0.6449999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ancestry-estimation","display_name":"ancestry estimation","score":0.34200000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/european-ancestry","display_name":"European ancestry","score":0.4480000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/native-american-ancestry","display_name":"Native American ancestry","score":0.9789999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-bias-in-research","display_name":"racial bias in research","score":0.375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-disparities-in-health-care","display_name":"racial disparities in health care","score":0.35499998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racism-in-healthcare","display_name":"racism in healthcare","score":0.367000013589859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-discrimination-in-employment","display_name":"racial discrimination in employment","score":0.3140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-discrimination-in-housing","display_name":"racial discrimination in housing","score":0.574999988079071}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75069973","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q913584","display_name":"Genetic genealogy","level":3,"score":0.8489000201225281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76509639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918036","display_name":"Race (biology)","level":2,"score":0.821399986743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.758899986743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.6741999983787537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.4717000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.4117000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68873052","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q349856","display_name":"Genetic variation","level":3,"score":0.30979999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1491633281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7868","display_name":"Cell","level":2,"score":0.30320000648498535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197754878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80711","display_name":"Haplotype","level":4,"score":0.29789999127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.29600000381469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987028688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49085","display_name":"African american","level":2,"score":0.2867000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994160828","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3254959","display_name":"Racial group","level":3,"score":0.2703000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137403100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41710","display_name":"Ethnic group","level":2,"score":0.26649999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778620579","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185034","display_name":"Sickle cell anemia","level":3,"score":0.257099986076355}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.htct.2026.106704","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.htct.2026.106704","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.htct.2026.106704","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2898598332","display_name":"Hematology Transfusion and Cell Therapy","issn_l":"2531-1379","issn":["2531-1379","2531-1387"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","ki-jl-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-3","scielo"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Hematology, Transfusion and Cell Therapy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:028888c4d8c547cf9d48121cdfa625ae","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/028888c4d8c547cf9d48121cdfa625ae","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Hematology, Transfusion and Cell Therapy, Vol 48, Iss , Pp 106704- (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.htct.2026.106704","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.htct.2026.106704","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.htct.2026.106704","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2898598332","display_name":"Hematology Transfusion and Cell Therapy","issn_l":"2531-1379","issn":["2531-1379","2531-1387"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","ki-jl-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-3","scielo"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Hematology, Transfusion and Cell Therapy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.98580002784729,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"},{"score":0.7578999996185303,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3111572247","https://openalex.org/W2318920989","https://openalex.org/W3024203521","https://openalex.org/W4415264679","https://openalex.org/W1984224132","https://openalex.org/W2883902935","https://openalex.org/W2027731749","https://openalex.org/W2113129492","https://openalex.org/W2037733478","https://openalex.org/W2099248143"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background":[0],"Self-reported":[1],"race":[2,34,57,126,282,314,338,364,376],"is":[3],"commonly":[4],"used":[5],"as":[6,47,96,169,173,178],"a":[7,21,26,208,323],"surrogate":[8,391],"for":[9,206,392],"genetic":[10,38,60,91,129,182,214,290,320,348,353,366,394],"ancestry":[11,39,61,92,112,130,183,192,198,222,291,298,328,367,395],"in":[12,42,62,82,288,297,326,346,396],"sickle":[13,66],"cell":[14,67],"disease":[15,68],"(SCD)":[16],"research,":[17],"although":[18],"it":[19,384],"represents":[20],"social":[22],"construct":[23],"rather":[24],"than":[25],"biological":[27],"measure.":[28],"The":[29,122],"extent":[30],"to":[31,331,333],"which":[32],"self-reported":[33,56,125,187,281,313,337,363,375],"reflects":[35],"individual":[36,393],"African":[37,59,104,128,181,221,289,319,327,347],"remains":[40,377],"uncertain":[41],"highly":[43],"admixed":[44],"populations":[45],"such":[46],"Brazilian":[48,63,309],"population.":[49],"Aims":[50],"To":[51],"evaluate":[52],"the":[53,83,119,151,194,212,286,301,344,351],"relationship":[54],"between":[55,124,252],"and":[58,108,127,145,175,238,306,365,381],"patients":[64,76,163,310],"with":[65,77,136,154,311,318],"(HbSS/HbS\u03b2\u2070-thalassemia).":[69],"Methods":[70],"This":[71],"real-world":[72],"multicenter":[73],"study":[74],"included":[75],"HbSS":[78],"or":[79,99,398],"HbS\u03b2\u2070-thalassemia":[80],"enrolled":[81],"REDS-III":[84],"Brazil":[85],"SCD":[86,162],"cohort":[87],"who":[88],"had":[89],"available":[90],"estimates.":[93],"Individuals":[94],"self-identifying":[95],"White,":[97,170],"Mixed,":[98,174],"Black":[100,179,244,262,334],"were":[101,116,148,164,249],"compared":[102],"regarding":[103],"(AFR),":[105],"European":[106,191],"(EUR),":[107],"Native":[109],"American":[110],"(NAM)":[111],"proportions.":[113],"Group":[114],"differences":[115],"assessed":[117],"using":[118,133,150],"Kruskal-Wallis":[120],"test.":[121],"association":[123],"was":[131,223,315],"quantified":[132],"linear":[134],"regression":[135],"heteroscedasticity-consistent":[137],"(HC3)":[138],"robust":[139],"standard":[140],"errors.":[141],"Adjusted":[142,219],"marginal":[143],"means":[144],"pairwise":[146,247],"comparisons":[147,248],"estimated":[149],"emmeans":[152],"package":[153],"Holm":[155],"correction.":[156],"Results":[157],"A":[158],"total":[159],"of":[160,211,285,343],"1,850":[161],"included:":[165],"190":[166],"(10.3%)":[167],"self-identified":[168],"1,112":[171],"(60.1%)":[172],"548":[176],"(29.6%)":[177],"individuals.":[180,245,335],"increased":[184],"progressively":[185],"across":[186],"racial":[188,254,303,357],"groups,":[189],"whereas":[190],"showed":[193],"opposite":[195],"pattern.":[196],"NAM":[197],"also":[199],"differed":[200],"significantly":[201],"among":[202,228,235,243,300],"groups":[203,255],"but":[204,371],"accounted":[205],"only":[207,340],"small":[209],"proportion":[210],"overall":[213],"background":[215],"(all":[216],"global":[217],"p<0.001).":[218,276],"mean":[220],"28.9%":[224],"(95%":[225,232,240],"CI,":[226,233,241],"27.0\u201330.8)":[227],"White":[229,330],"individuals,":[230,237],"42.9%":[231],"42.0\u201343.8)":[234],"Mixed":[236,268,332],"64.0%":[239],"62.6\u201365.4)":[242],"All":[246],"statistically":[250],"significant":[251],"all":[253,274],"(Black":[256],"vs.":[257,263,269],"White:":[258,270],"+35.1":[259],"percentage":[260,266,272],"points;":[261,267,273],"Mixed:":[264],"+21.1":[265],"+14.0":[271],"Holm-adjusted":[275],"Despite":[277],"this":[278],"clear":[279],"gradient,":[280],"explained":[283,339],"35.5%":[284],"variability":[287,345],"(adjusted":[292],"R\u00b2=0.355),":[293],"indicating":[294],"substantial":[295],"overlap":[296],"distributions":[299],"three":[302],"groups.":[304],"Discussion":[305],"Conclusions":[307],"Among":[308],"SCD,":[312],"strongly":[316],"associated":[317],"ancestry,":[321,349],"demonstrating":[322],"progressive":[324],"increase":[325],"from":[329],"However,":[336],"approximately":[341],"one-third":[342],"highlighting":[350],"marked":[352],"heterogeneity":[354],"within":[355],"each":[356],"group.":[358],"These":[359],"findings":[360],"show":[361],"that":[362],"capture":[368],"are":[369],"related":[370],"distinct":[372],"dimensions.":[373],"While":[374],"an":[378,389],"important":[379],"demographic":[380],"epidemiologic":[382],"variable":[383],"should":[385],"not":[386],"be":[387],"considered":[388],"accurate":[390],"clinical":[397],"epidemiological":[399],"studies.":[400]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2026-10-22T00:00:00"}