{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7223103196","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.10.15.759474","title":"Livestock depredation frequency is negatively associated with wolf body mass","display_name":"Livestock depredation frequency is negatively associated with wolf body mass","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7223103196","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.10.15.759474"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.10.15.759474","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.10.15.759474","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.10.15.759474","pdf_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/10/21/2026.10.15.759474.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/10/21/2026.10.15.759474.full.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5158891715","display_name":"Charles Aaron Bott","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8434-1877","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8434-1877"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121980950","display_name":"Utah State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00h6set76","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121980950"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1308891854","display_name":"Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife","ror":"https://ror.org/00w64gh11","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1308891854"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"C. Aaron Bott","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Wildland Resources and Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, USA","Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, 4034 Fairview Industrial Drive SE, Salem, Oregon 97302, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8434-1877","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Wildland Resources and Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121980950"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, 4034 Fairview Industrial Drive SE, Salem, Oregon 97302, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1308891854"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5158041305","display_name":"Roblyn Brown","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1308891854","display_name":"Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife","ror":"https://ror.org/00w64gh11","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1308891854"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roblyn Brown","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, 4034 Fairview Industrial Drive SE, Salem, Oregon 97302, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, 4034 Fairview Industrial Drive SE, Salem, Oregon 97302, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1308891854"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065838882","display_name":"Daniel R. MacNulty","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9173-8910","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9173-8910"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121980950","display_name":"Utah State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00h6set76","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121980950"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel R. MacNulty","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Wildland Resources and Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Wildland Resources and Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121980950"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5158891715"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121980950","https://openalex.org/I1308891854"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10199","display_name":"Wildlife Ecology and Conservation","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10199","display_name":"Wildlife Ecology and Conservation","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13388","display_name":"Rangeland and Wildlife Management","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11913","display_name":"Animal Ecology and Behavior Studies","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gray-wolf","display_name":"gray wolf","score":0.8460000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wolves","display_name":"wolf","score":0.9900000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/livestock-depredation","display_name":"livestock depredation","score":0.984000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/seasonal-variation","display_name":"seasonal variation","score":0.753000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/predator-prey-interactions","display_name":"predator-prey interactions","score":0.503000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oregon","display_name":"Oregon","score":0.5099999904632568}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165287380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2916569","display_name":"Foraging","level":2,"score":0.8920999765396118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112964050","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q103459","display_name":"Livestock","level":2,"score":0.7760000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188382862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170430","display_name":"Predation","level":2,"score":0.7156000137329102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125403950","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111082","display_name":"Seasonality","level":2,"score":0.5845000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.5569999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.46970000863075256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96857902","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2138108","display_name":"Predator","level":3,"score":0.4675999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.35580000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.32359999418258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140793950","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168091","display_name":"Animal science","level":1,"score":0.3183000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.29670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102874275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2914623","display_name":"Seasonal breeder","level":2,"score":0.2921999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018708532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q713102","display_name":"Lower body","level":2,"score":0.26269999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46325548","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q59099","display_name":"Herbivore","level":2,"score":0.25839999318122864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147583825","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q620876","display_name":"Body weight","level":2,"score":0.25049999356269836}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.10.15.759474","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.10.15.759474","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.10.15.759474","pdf_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/10/21/2026.10.15.759474.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.10.15.759474","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.10.15.759474","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.10.15.759474","pdf_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/10/21/2026.10.15.759474.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4390000104904175,"display_name":"Life on land","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332182","display_name":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","ror":"https://ror.org/04k7dar27"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7223103196.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7223103196.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W154477499","https://openalex.org/W1567704082","https://openalex.org/W1915646511","https://openalex.org/W1917798789","https://openalex.org/W2001124188","https://openalex.org/W2015852695","https://openalex.org/W2044255160","https://openalex.org/W2057510880","https://openalex.org/W2075896624","https://openalex.org/W2094103799","https://openalex.org/W2150378154","https://openalex.org/W2174681675","https://openalex.org/W2176061446","https://openalex.org/W2212885152","https://openalex.org/W2260558517","https://openalex.org/W2398139753","https://openalex.org/W2781733213","https://openalex.org/W2791313967","https://openalex.org/W2791324689","https://openalex.org/W2795103945","https://openalex.org/W2797278710","https://openalex.org/W2954164922","https://openalex.org/W2968788640","https://openalex.org/W2971124250","https://openalex.org/W2985931523","https://openalex.org/W2990140509","https://openalex.org/W3009369295","https://openalex.org/W3013424908","https://openalex.org/W3176465083","https://openalex.org/W4212934316","https://openalex.org/W4241696300","https://openalex.org/W4312123401","https://openalex.org/W4390615069","https://openalex.org/W4392630735","https://openalex.org/W4413083373"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W6987065262","https://openalex.org/W2015852695","https://openalex.org/W7101239509","https://openalex.org/W4378176532","https://openalex.org/W7034304865","https://openalex.org/W2166233016","https://openalex.org/W2111919565","https://openalex.org/W2884800442","https://openalex.org/W2277680545","https://openalex.org/W2026695241"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Foraging":[1],"theory":[2],"predicts":[3],"that":[4],"behavioral":[5],"decisions":[6],"are":[7],"state-dependent,":[8],"with":[9,56,136,215,263],"individuals":[10],"expected":[11,141],"to":[12,17,28,42,204,231],"alter":[13],"foraging":[14,217],"strategies":[15],"according":[16],"physiological":[18],"condition.":[19],"Although":[20],"livestock":[21,35,58,269,291],"depredation":[22,59,119,143,232],"by":[23],"carnivores":[24],"is":[25,213],"often":[26],"attributed":[27],"seasonal":[29,48,237],"changes":[30],"in":[31,50,74,90,111,131,140],"prey":[32],"availability":[33],"and":[34,87,93,105,114,180,274,288],"exposure,":[36,270],"less":[37],"attention":[38],"has":[39],"been":[40],"given":[41],"predator":[43,246,261,281],"state.":[44],"We":[45],"evaluated":[46],"whether":[47,226,235,280],"variation":[49,89],"wolf":[51],"body":[52,91,100,125,161,178,208,227],"mass":[53,92,101,126,133,179,228],"was":[54,134,165],"associated":[55,135],"monthly":[57,96,142],"frequency":[60,120,144,233],"using":[61],"17":[62],"years":[63],"of":[64,196,255,260,266],"monitoring":[65],"data":[66,222],"from":[67,81],"gray":[68],"wolves":[69,201],"(":[70],"Canis":[71],"lupus":[72],")":[73],"Oregon,":[75],"USA.":[76],"Using":[77],"329":[78],"body-mass":[79],"measurements":[80],"274":[82],"wolves,":[83],"we":[84],"modeled":[85,166],"age-":[86],"season-related":[88],"generated":[94],"standardized":[95],"population-level":[97,124,160],"predictions.":[98],"Predicted":[99],"declined":[102],"through":[103],"spring":[104],"summer,":[106,113],"reached":[107],"its":[108],"lowest":[109,207],"values":[110],"late":[112],"increased":[115,174],"into":[116],"winter.":[117],"Monthly":[118],"decreased":[121],"as":[122,248],"predicted":[123,132,159,177,203],"increased;":[127],"a":[128,137,249],"one-standard-deviation":[129],"increase":[130],"36.7%":[138],"decrease":[139],"(95%":[145],"confidence":[146],"interval:":[147],"22.7\u201348.1%":[148],"decrease).":[149],"The":[150,210],"negative":[151],"association":[152,169,212],"persisted":[153],"across":[154],"sensitivity":[155],"analyses":[156],"based":[157],"on":[158],"mass.":[162,209],"When":[163],"season":[164,181],"explicitly,":[167],"the":[168,194,197,220,241],"remained":[170],"negative,":[171],"but":[172,219,252],"uncertainty":[173],"substantially":[175],"because":[176],"contained":[182],"limited":[183],"independent":[184],"temporal":[185],"information.":[186],"Livestock":[187],"depredations":[188],"were":[189,202],"therefore":[190],"most":[191],"frequent":[192],"during":[193],"portion":[195],"annual":[198],"cycle":[199],"when":[200],"have":[205],"their":[206],"observed":[211],"consistent":[214],"state-dependent":[216],"theory,":[218],"available":[221],"could":[223],"not":[224],"determine":[225,279],"itself":[229],"contributed":[230],"or":[234],"other":[236],"ecological":[238],"processes":[239],"drove":[240],"association.":[242],"Our":[243],"results":[244],"identify":[245],"state":[247,262,282],"potentially":[250],"important":[251],"understudied":[253],"component":[254],"carnivore\u2013livestock":[256],"interactions.":[257],"Integrating":[258],"measures":[259],"established":[264],"drivers":[265],"conflict,":[267],"including":[268],"husbandry,":[271],"native":[272],"prey,":[273],"landscape":[275],"conditions,":[276],"may":[277],"help":[278],"provides":[283],"additional":[284],"information":[285],"for":[286],"understanding":[287],"anticipating":[289],"carnivore\u2013":[290],"conflict.":[292]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2026-10-22T00:00:00"}
