{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7223101957","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2026-118574","title":"Respectful care during childbirth and educational inequities: a cross-sectional survey using a multidomain index across four hospitals in Malawi","display_name":"Respectful care during childbirth and educational inequities: a cross-sectional survey using a multidomain index across four hospitals in Malawi","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7223101957","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2026-118574","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42907107","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13691797"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2026-118574","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2026-118574","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2026-118574","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S79054089","display_name":"BMJ Open","issn_l":"2044-6055","issn":["2044-6055"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319945","host_organization_name":"BMJ","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319945"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BMJ"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMJ Open","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2026-118574","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045895650","display_name":"Bianca Kandeya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8829-4618","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8829-4618"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28166907","display_name":"Karolinska Institutet","ror":"https://ror.org/056d84691","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28166907"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4403928428","display_name":"Kamuzu University of Health Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/00khnq787","country_code":"MW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4403928428"]}],"countries":["MW","SE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bianca Kandeya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Reproductive Health, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Southern Region, Malawi","Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Stockholm County, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8829-4618","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Reproductive Health, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Southern Region, Malawi","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4403928428"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Stockholm County, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28166907"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045564480","display_name":"Claudia Hanson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8066-7873","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8066-7873"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28166907","display_name":"Karolinska Institutet","ror":"https://ror.org/056d84691","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28166907"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Claudia Hanson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Stockholm County, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8066-7873","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Stockholm County, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28166907"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041707268","display_name":"Soha El-Halabi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7107-9367","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7107-9367"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28166907","display_name":"Karolinska Institutet","ror":"https://ror.org/056d84691","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28166907"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Soha El Halabi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Stockholm County, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7107-9367","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Stockholm County, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28166907"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029627195","display_name":"Kristi Sidney Annerstedt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8798-4027","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8798-4027"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28166907","display_name":"Karolinska Institutet","ror":"https://ror.org/056d84691","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28166907"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kristi Sidney Annerstedt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Stockholm County, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8798-4027","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Stockholm County, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28166907"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049363418","display_name":"William R. Stones","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0699-2381","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0699-2381"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4403928428","display_name":"Kamuzu University of Health Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/00khnq787","country_code":"MW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4403928428"]}],"countries":["MW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"William Stones","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Reproductive Health, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Southern Region, Malawi"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0699-2381","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Reproductive Health, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Southern Region, Malawi","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4403928428"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056613127","display_name":"Effie Kondwani Chipeta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7925-3443","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7925-3443"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4403928428","display_name":"Kamuzu University of Health Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/00khnq787","country_code":"MW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4403928428"]}],"countries":["MW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Effie Chipeta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Reproductive Health, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Southern Region, Malawi","Department of Health Systems and Policy, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Southern Region, Malawi"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7925-3443","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Reproductive Health, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Southern Region, Malawi","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4403928428"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Health Systems and Policy, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Southern Region, Malawi","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4403928428"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125340616","display_name":"Sunjuri Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2746-1996","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2746-1996"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28166907","display_name":"Karolinska Institutet","ror":"https://ror.org/056d84691","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28166907"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sunjuri Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Stockholm County, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2746-1996","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Stockholm County, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28166907"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5045895650"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28166907","https://openalex.org/I4403928428"],"apc_list":{"value":1500,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1839},"apc_paid":{"value":1500,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1839},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84190404,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"10","first_page":"e118574","last_page":"e118574"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10453","display_name":"Maternal and Perinatal Health Interventions","score":0.7031000256538391,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2729","display_name":"Obstetrics and Gynecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10453","display_name":"Maternal and Perinatal Health Interventions","score":0.7031000256538391,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2729","display_name":"Obstetrics and Gynecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10209","display_name":"Global Maternal and Child Health","score":0.2741999924182892,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2735","display_name":"Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10600","display_name":"Reproductive Health and Contraception","score":0.005200000014156103,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/respectful-maternity-care","display_name":"respectful maternity care","score":0.9380000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maternal-education","display_name":"maternal education","score":0.9269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/educational-inequity","display_name":"educational inequity","score":0.859000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/privacy-violations","display_name":"privacy violations","score":0.7770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-consented-care","display_name":"non-consented care","score":0.9440000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disrespect-and-abuse","display_name":"disrespect and abuse","score":0.531000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maternity-care-quality","display_name":"maternity care quality","score":0.621999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/postpartum-women","display_name":"postpartum women","score":0.8830000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malawi","display_name":"Malawi","score":0.7689999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hospital-environment","display_name":"hospital environment","score":0.36399999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maternity-ward","display_name":"maternity ward","score":0.31700000166893005}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.890500009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779703513","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34581","display_name":"Childbirth","level":3,"score":0.6920999884605408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.5964000225067139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C512399662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3505712","display_name":"Family medicine","level":1,"score":0.5047000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777382242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6017816","display_name":"Index (typography)","level":2,"score":0.4936999976634979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.40689998865127563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.3935999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780877353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2518253","display_name":"Health services research","level":3,"score":0.3582000136375427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776210078","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q351870","display_name":"Reproductive medicine","level":3,"score":0.34450000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.3384999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190248442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q839486","display_name":"Qualitative research","level":2,"score":0.2973000109195709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779234561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11995","display_name":"Pregnancy","level":2,"score":0.28610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775887326","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3308829","display_name":"Prenatal care","level":3,"score":0.2768999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509550671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126945","display_name":"Medical education","level":1,"score":0.26159998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142052008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q954027","display_name":"Cross-sectional study","level":2,"score":0.2535000145435333}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2026-118574","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2026-118574","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2026-118574","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S79054089","display_name":"BMJ Open","issn_l":"2044-6055","issn":["2044-6055"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319945","host_organization_name":"BMJ","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319945"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BMJ"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMJ Open","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13691797","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13691797/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13691797/pdf/bmjopen-16-10.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMJ Open","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:42907107","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42907107","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMJ open","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:39b91f3ea0394339a48417e28636d19c","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/39b91f3ea0394339a48417e28636d19c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BMJ Open, Vol 16, Iss 10 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2026-118574","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2026-118574","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2026-118574","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S79054089","display_name":"BMJ Open","issn_l":"2044-6055","issn":["2044-6055"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319945","host_organization_name":"BMJ","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319945"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BMJ"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMJ Open","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9629999995231628,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"},{"score":0.9391000270843506,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"},{"score":0.75,"display_name":"Gender equality","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5"},{"score":0.4156000018119812,"display_name":"Quality education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4402680817","display_name":"Meeting women\u2019s needs at birth through companionship: Improving the implementation evidence on context, processes and effect in low and middle-income countries","funder_award_id":"2020-04949","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322581","funder_display_name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G72771297","display_name":"Action Leveraging Evidence to Reduce perinatal morTality and morbidity in sub-Saharan Africa","funder_award_id":"847824","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322581","display_name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","ror":"https://ror.org/03zttf063"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7223101957.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7223101957.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1630080300","https://openalex.org/W1924661502","https://openalex.org/W1969298821","https://openalex.org/W1974211736","https://openalex.org/W1989835542","https://openalex.org/W2064799866","https://openalex.org/W2093274439","https://openalex.org/W2096214273","https://openalex.org/W2130653485","https://openalex.org/W2150161524","https://openalex.org/W2460461802","https://openalex.org/W2600876314","https://openalex.org/W2751902196","https://openalex.org/W2756593455","https://openalex.org/W2767456678","https://openalex.org/W2889585097","https://openalex.org/W2891125414","https://openalex.org/W2900740842","https://openalex.org/W2905395241","https://openalex.org/W2944434778","https://openalex.org/W2979362784","https://openalex.org/W2981379887","https://openalex.org/W3043211853","https://openalex.org/W3083500249","https://openalex.org/W3087653943","https://openalex.org/W3120405508","https://openalex.org/W3124135363","https://openalex.org/W3132601122","https://openalex.org/W4200027330","https://openalex.org/W4214487717","https://openalex.org/W4281630675","https://openalex.org/W4307002350","https://openalex.org/W4309865628","https://openalex.org/W4366597400","https://openalex.org/W4386127491","https://openalex.org/W4387498651","https://openalex.org/W4387502320","https://openalex.org/W4388410176","https://openalex.org/W4390479994","https://openalex.org/W4395672753","https://openalex.org/W4407099991","https://openalex.org/W4407397416","https://openalex.org/W4408272035","https://openalex.org/W4408685962","https://openalex.org/W4414264350","https://openalex.org/W4415501126","https://openalex.org/W4416378697","https://openalex.org/W7204229592"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4281630675","https://openalex.org/W4383896808","https://openalex.org/W4289535835","https://openalex.org/W7154968878","https://openalex.org/W3039532205","https://openalex.org/W4287833242","https://openalex.org/W4211079578","https://openalex.org/W2616644037","https://openalex.org/W7166725637","https://openalex.org/W2980279863"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"ABSTRACT:":[0],"OBJECTIVE:":[1],"This":[2,357],"study":[3,73],"aimed":[4],"to":[5,14,27,104,286],"apply":[6],"a":[7,113,148,176,338],"validated":[8,149],"multidomain":[9],"respectful":[10,32,143,190,224,270,297,306,334,354],"maternity":[11,33,80,144,225,271,298,307,335,355,391],"care":[12,19,34,181,191,208,226,272,299,308,336],"index":[13],"assess":[15],"women\u2019s":[16],"reported":[17,30,141,207,238],"childbirth":[18],"experiences":[20,209,368],"across":[21,130,210],"four":[22,77],"hospitals":[23,103],"in":[24,76,82,101,206,292,340,362,376],"Malawi,":[25],"and":[26,55,66,90,127,157,160,163,168,182,198,246,254,310,390],"examine":[28,381],"how":[29],"less":[31,142,223,250,269],"varied":[35],"by":[36],"maternal":[37,211],"education.":[38],"DESIGN:":[39],"Cross-sectional":[40],"survey":[41,132],"nested":[42],"within":[43],"the":[44,169,185,229,235,293,304,328],"ALERT":[45],"implementation":[46],"research":[47],"programme.":[48],"Data":[49,121],"were":[50,122,173,201,219,249,256],"analysed":[51],"using":[52,61,147,303],"descriptive":[53],"statistics":[54],"logistic":[56],"regression,":[57],"with":[58,259,275,320,343],"sensitivity":[59],"analyses":[60,302],"continuous":[62,305],"outcome,":[63],"modified":[64,311],"Poisson":[65,312],"narrower":[67,329],"abuse-focused":[68,330],"outcome":[69,139],"models.":[70],"SETTING:":[71],"The":[72,137],"was":[74,140,234,325],"conducted":[75],"high-volume":[78],"secondary-level":[79],"units":[81],"Malawi\u2019s":[83],"Central":[84],"Region,":[85],"including":[86,193],"three":[87],"public":[88],"facilities":[89],"one":[91],"faith-based":[92],"facility.":[93],"PARTICIPANTS:":[94],"1004":[95],"postpartum":[96],"women":[97,218,274],"who":[98],"gave":[99],"birth":[100],"participating":[102],"infants":[105],"weighing":[106],"at":[107,112,117,184],"least":[108,118],"1000":[109],"g":[110],"or":[111,261,277,345,366],"gestational":[114],"age":[115],"of":[116,154,178,217,240,267,296,317,351,369],"28":[119],"weeks.":[120],"collected":[123],"between":[124],"December":[125],"2021":[126],"March":[128],"2024":[129],"five":[131],"rounds.":[133],"PRIMARY":[134],"OUTCOME":[135],"MEASURES:":[136],"primary":[138,276],"care,":[145,165,200,244,370],"measured":[146],"composite":[150,230],"score":[151,309],"covering":[152],"absence":[153],"abuse,":[155,195],"privacy":[156,196,247],"confidentiality,":[158],"dignity":[159],"respect,":[161],"communication":[162],"supportive":[164],"social":[166],"support":[167],"hospital":[170],"environment.":[171],"Scores":[172],"expressed":[174],"as":[175,221,290],"percentage":[177],"best":[179],"possible":[180],"dichotomised":[183],"25th":[186],"percentile":[187],"(\u226484.5/100).":[188],"Individual":[189],"indicators,":[192],"verbal":[194],"violations":[197,248],"non-consented":[199,243],"also":[202],"assessed,":[203],"alongside":[204],"variations":[205],"educational":[212],"levels.":[213],"RESULTS:":[214],"Overall,":[215],"16%":[216],"classified":[220],"reporting":[222,268,352,365,383],"based":[227],"on":[228],"score.":[231],"Verbal":[232],"abuse":[233,253],"most":[236],"frequently":[237],"form":[239],"mistreatment,":[241],"while":[242,385],"neglect":[245],"common;":[251],"physical":[252],"bribery":[255],"rare.":[257],"Women":[258,342],"secondary":[260,344],"higher":[262,265,346,349],"education":[263,279,347],"had":[264,348],"odds":[266,350],"than":[273],"no":[278,323],"(adjusted":[280],"OR":[281],"1.48,":[282],"95%":[283],"CI":[284],"1.02":[285],"2.15;":[287],"p=0.04)":[288],"defined":[289],"being":[291],"lowest":[294],"quartile":[295],"scores.":[300],"Sensitivity":[301],"regression":[313],"yielded":[314],"similar":[315],"evidence":[316],"an":[318],"association":[319,324,358],"education,":[321],"whereas":[322],"observed":[326],"for":[327],"outcome.":[331],"CONCLUSION:":[332],"Less":[333],"remains":[337],"concern":[339],"Malawi.":[341],"poorer":[353],"care.":[356],"may":[359],"reflect":[360],"differences":[361],"expectations,":[363],"recognition,":[364],"true":[367],"which":[371],"could":[372],"not":[373],"be":[374],"distinguished":[375],"this":[377],"study.":[378],"Research":[379],"should":[380],"education-related":[382],"differences,":[384],"reforms":[386],"strengthen":[387],"communication,":[388],"accountability":[389],"infrastructure.":[392]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2026-10-22T00:00:00"}
