{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7223093541","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0359569","title":"Attachment, grandiose and vulnerable narcissism, interpersonal competence, and problematic social media use: A latent profile analysis","display_name":"Attachment, grandiose and vulnerable narcissism, interpersonal competence, and problematic social media use: A latent profile analysis","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7223093541","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0359569","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42905637","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13686506"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0359569","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0359569","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0359569","pdf_url":"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0359569&type=printable","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S202381698","display_name":"PLoS ONE","issn_l":"1932-6203","issn":["1932-6203"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315706","host_organization_name":"Public Library of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315706"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Public Library of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLOS One","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0359569&type=printable","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055619062","display_name":"Chris A. Bjornsen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5923-5929","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5923-5929"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141448028","display_name":"Longwood University","ror":"https://ror.org/01awv9175","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141448028"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chris A. Bjornsen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Longwood University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5923-5929","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Longwood University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141448028"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048976614","display_name":"Allen G. Harbaugh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1571-5052","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1571-5052"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141448028","display_name":"Longwood University","ror":"https://ror.org/01awv9175","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141448028"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Allen G. Harbaugh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Longwood University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1571-5052","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Longwood University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141448028"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5055619062"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141448028"],"apc_list":{"value":2382,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2382},"apc_paid":{"value":2382,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2382},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84880168,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"10","first_page":"e0359569","last_page":"e0359569"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10355","display_name":"Impact of Technology on Adolescents","score":0.9028000235557556,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10355","display_name":"Impact of Technology on Adolescents","score":0.9028000235557556,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11040","display_name":"Personality Traits and Psychology","score":0.057500001043081284,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10677","display_name":"Attachment and Relationship Dynamics","score":0.01769999973475933,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/attachment-anxiety","display_name":"attachment anxiety","score":0.9679999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/avoidant-attachment","display_name":"attachment avoidance","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grandiose-narcissism","display_name":"grandiose narcissism","score":0.9779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerable-narcissism","display_name":"vulnerable narcissism","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-skills","display_name":"social skills","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-media-addiction","display_name":"social media addiction","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/attachment-styles","display_name":"attachment styles","score":0.9079999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/secure-attachment","display_name":"secure attachment","score":0.6850000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fearful-avoidant-attachment","display_name":"fearful attachment","score":0.9490000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latent-profiles","display_name":"latent profiles","score":0.5950000286102295}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.7411999702453613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C505070042","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186529","display_name":"Narcissism","level":2,"score":0.7027000188827515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142853389","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q744778","display_name":"Association (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5863999724388123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164850336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3685487","display_name":"Interpersonal communication","level":2,"score":0.580299973487854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119477188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909609","display_name":"Attachment theory","level":2,"score":0.5741999745368958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C558461103","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154430","display_name":"Anxiety","level":2,"score":0.5099999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778161172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14490720","display_name":"Grandiosity","level":3,"score":0.4884999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91034043","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q223642","display_name":"Interpersonal relationship","level":2,"score":0.4828999936580658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518677369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202833","display_name":"Social media","level":2,"score":0.4771000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777545354","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3557657","display_name":"Social anxiety","level":3,"score":0.46129998564720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70410870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199906","display_name":"Clinical psychology","level":1,"score":0.41280001401901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992801459","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q223642","display_name":"Interpersonal interaction","level":2,"score":0.37940001487731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.37040001153945923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205545832","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17156455","display_name":"Young adult","level":2,"score":0.358599990606308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.28619998693466187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70727504","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1806878","display_name":"Latent class model","level":2,"score":0.27570000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778010851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845745","display_name":"Differential association","level":2,"score":0.27300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2911097071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909609","display_name":"Insecure attachment","level":3,"score":0.26510000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130064352","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853725","display_name":"Social relation","level":2,"score":0.2630999982357025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123273963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q624758","display_name":"Psychopathology","level":2,"score":0.25209999084472656}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001007","descriptor_name":"Anxiety","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003430","descriptor_name":"Cross-Sectional Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007398","descriptor_name":"Interpersonal Relations","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009289","descriptor_name":"Narcissism","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009769","descriptor_name":"Object Attachment","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011795","descriptor_name":"Surveys and Questionnaires","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D061108","descriptor_name":"Social Media","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0359569","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0359569","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0359569","pdf_url":"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0359569&type=printable","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S202381698","display_name":"PLoS ONE","issn_l":"1932-6203","issn":["1932-6203"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315706","host_organization_name":"Public Library of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315706"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Public Library of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLOS One","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13686506","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13686506/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13686506/pdf/pone.0359569.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLoS One","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:42905637","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42905637","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PloS one","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b36480f1c4e645258e31777019dd44c2","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b36480f1c4e645258e31777019dd44c2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PLoS ONE, Vol 21, Iss 10, p e0359569 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0359569","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0359569","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0359569","pdf_url":"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0359569&type=printable","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S202381698","display_name":"PLoS ONE","issn_l":"1932-6203","issn":["1932-6203"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315706","host_organization_name":"Public Library of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315706"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Public Library of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLOS One","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.8560000061988831,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7223093541.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7223093541.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":96,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1540840038","https://openalex.org/W1564844155","https://openalex.org/W1576697763","https://openalex.org/W1689583432","https://openalex.org/W1963861932","https://openalex.org/W1967097368","https://openalex.org/W1982514278","https://openalex.org/W1990377060","https://openalex.org/W1996007328","https://openalex.org/W2013570060","https://openalex.org/W2027062902","https://openalex.org/W2030561037","https://openalex.org/W2037689350","https://openalex.org/W2045880557","https://openalex.org/W2050295787","https://openalex.org/W2051660984","https://openalex.org/W2055333835","https://openalex.org/W2057713656","https://openalex.org/W2075524384","https://openalex.org/W2076527418","https://openalex.org/W2077488638","https://openalex.org/W2089968180","https://openalex.org/W2090330784","https://openalex.org/W2108617246","https://openalex.org/W2109669058","https://openalex.org/W2118046093","https://openalex.org/W2127863831","https://openalex.org/W2129015869","https://openalex.org/W2131238894","https://openalex.org/W2131783775","https://openalex.org/W2141915318","https://openalex.org/W2143702946","https://openalex.org/W2147200107","https://openalex.org/W2152938859","https://openalex.org/W2157089080","https://openalex.org/W2159855467","https://openalex.org/W2162541843","https://openalex.org/W2177056116","https://openalex.org/W2307930991","https://openalex.org/W2315596314","https://openalex.org/W2330263000","https://openalex.org/W2464639282","https://openalex.org/W2507018205","https://openalex.org/W2515010870","https://openalex.org/W2531407051","https://openalex.org/W2551477234","https://openalex.org/W2580089088","https://openalex.org/W2584196862","https://openalex.org/W2598979437","https://openalex.org/W2621102209","https://openalex.org/W2799762595","https://openalex.org/W2883691357","https://openalex.org/W2887356478","https://openalex.org/W2897577886","https://openalex.org/W2901621204","https://openalex.org/W2914393945","https://openalex.org/W2939209128","https://openalex.org/W2950985525","https://openalex.org/W2979389247","https://openalex.org/W2982258019","https://openalex.org/W2989527531","https://openalex.org/W3031052835","https://openalex.org/W3038951822","https://openalex.org/W3092358647","https://openalex.org/W3095646085","https://openalex.org/W3117105147","https://openalex.org/W3132661816","https://openalex.org/W3156236878","https://openalex.org/W3158197079","https://openalex.org/W3161475619","https://openalex.org/W3164857304","https://openalex.org/W3185845005","https://openalex.org/W3197422728","https://openalex.org/W3198622460","https://openalex.org/W3204602582","https://openalex.org/W3214442241","https://openalex.org/W4207015291","https://openalex.org/W4210504446","https://openalex.org/W4246508669","https://openalex.org/W4247665917","https://openalex.org/W4250284246","https://openalex.org/W4284894974","https://openalex.org/W4292239399","https://openalex.org/W4293072668","https://openalex.org/W4294104480","https://openalex.org/W4294954923","https://openalex.org/W4297983578","https://openalex.org/W4302305363","https://openalex.org/W4312057462","https://openalex.org/W4318773656","https://openalex.org/W4319321395","https://openalex.org/W4387447315","https://openalex.org/W4391943864","https://openalex.org/W4395110278","https://openalex.org/W4400122855","https://openalex.org/W4400539495"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3004205782","https://openalex.org/W4402230667","https://openalex.org/W4402405118","https://openalex.org/W4413433806","https://openalex.org/W2948480662","https://openalex.org/W4413280862","https://openalex.org/W7159978937","https://openalex.org/W3095646085","https://openalex.org/W7207804464","https://openalex.org/W4380681804"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"a":[1,52],"cross-sectional":[2],"study":[3],"we":[4],"examined":[5],"associations":[6],"between":[7,57,70,80,131,163],"attachment":[8,74,97,109,136],"anxiety":[9,98],"and":[10,18,47,50,73,76,83,99,107,125,128,134,185],"avoidance,":[11,75],"grandiose":[12,71,81,121],"narcissism,":[13,15,122,124],"vulnerable":[14,123],"interpersonal":[16,126],"competence,":[17,127],"problematic":[19],"social":[20,45],"media":[21,46],"use":[22],"(PSMU)":[23],"in":[24,142],"order":[25],"to":[26,36],"enhance":[27],"the":[28,31,64,67,77,103,132,147,156,171],"understanding":[29],"of":[30,66,96,102,120,174,179],"characteristics":[32],"that":[33,138],"may":[34],"contribute":[35],"PSMU.":[37,84],"Participants":[38],"(N":[39],"=":[40],"555)":[41],"were":[42,114],"recruited":[43],"from":[44],"crowdsourcing":[48],"apps":[49],"completed":[51],"self-report":[53],"online":[54],"questionnaire.":[55],"Correlations":[56],"variables":[58],"generally":[59],"supported":[60],"previous":[61,143],"findings,":[62],"with":[63,176],"exceptions":[65],"negative":[68],"association":[69,79],"narcissism":[72,82],"non-significant":[78],"Latent":[85],"profile":[86],"analysis":[87],"(LPA)":[88],"produced":[89],"four":[90,112,157,165],"separate":[91],"profiles":[92,113],"distinguished":[93,116],"by":[94,117,150,182],"levels":[95,178],"avoidance":[100],"characteristic":[101],"secure,":[104],"avoidant,":[105,183],"anxious,":[106,184],"fearful":[108,135,186],"styles.":[110],"The":[111],"also":[115],"unique":[118],"combinations":[119],"suggest":[129],"differences":[130,162],"anxious":[133],"styles":[137],"have":[139],"been":[140],"overlooked":[141],"studies.":[144],"We":[145],"validated":[146],"LPA":[148],"results":[149],"comparing":[151],"mean":[152],"PSMU":[153,180],"scores":[154],"among":[155],"profiles,":[158],"revealing":[159],"statistically":[160],"significant":[161],"all":[164],"profiles.":[166],"Securely":[167],"attached":[168],"participants":[169],"reported":[170,181],"lowest":[172],"level":[173],"PSMU,":[175],"increasing":[177],"participants.":[187]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-06T12:05:46.655746","created_date":"2026-10-22T00:00:00"}