{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7223089784","doi":"https://doi.org/10.32942/x24106","title":"A Wrinkle in Space-Time: Spatial machine learning uncovers stage-specific drivers and hidden hotspots of illegal wildlife trade","display_name":"A Wrinkle in Space-Time: Spatial machine learning uncovers stage-specific drivers and hidden hotspots of illegal wildlife trade","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7223089784","doi":"https://doi.org/10.32942/x24106"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.32942/x24106","doi":"https://doi.org/10.32942/x24106","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.32942/x24106","pdf_url":"https://ecoevorxiv.org/repository/object/15576/download/26983/","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://ecoevorxiv.org/repository/object/15576/download/26983/","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159211003","display_name":"Hannah Murray","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hannah Murray","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Southern California , Department of Computer Science , Los Angeles , California , USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southern California , Department of Computer Science , Los Angeles , California , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5158757929","display_name":"Alexander Perigon","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","display_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","ror":"https://ror.org/047s2c258","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexander Perigon","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Maryland , Department of Geographical Sciences , College Park , Maryland , USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Maryland , Department of Geographical Sciences , College Park , Maryland , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5158751987","display_name":"Bienvenu Mbi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","display_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","ror":"https://ror.org/047s2c258","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bienvenu Mbi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Maryland , Department of Geographical Sciences , College Park , Maryland , USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Maryland , Department of Geographical Sciences , College Park , Maryland , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115652726","display_name":"Anne Stephanie Kobla","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321067030","display_name":"Zoological Society of London","ror":"https://ror.org/03px4ez74","country_code":"GB","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321067030"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anne Stephanie Kobla","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zoological Society of London , Cameroon Country Programme , Yaound\u00e9 , Cameroon"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zoological Society of London , Cameroon Country Programme , Yaound\u00e9 , Cameroon","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321067030"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115652725","display_name":"Romeo Tene","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321067030","display_name":"Zoological Society of London","ror":"https://ror.org/03px4ez74","country_code":"GB","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321067030"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rom\u00e9o Tene","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zoological Society of London , Cameroon Country Programme , Yaound\u00e9 , Cameroon"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zoological Society of London , Cameroon Country Programme , Yaound\u00e9 , Cameroon","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321067030"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137692901","display_name":"Meredith Gore","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2613-4715","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2613-4715"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","display_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","ror":"https://ror.org/047s2c258","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Meredith Gore","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Maryland , Department of Geographical Sciences , College Park , Maryland , USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Maryland , Department of Geographical Sciences , College Park , Maryland , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5158692249","display_name":"Matthew Shirley","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19700959","display_name":"Florida International University","ror":"https://ror.org/02gz6gg07","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19700959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthew Shirley","raw_affiliation_strings":["Florida International University , Global Forensics and Justice Center , Miami , Florida , USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Florida International University , Global Forensics and Justice Center , Miami , Florida , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19700959"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087538704","display_name":"Bistra Dilkina","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6784-473X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6784-473X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bistra Dilkina","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Southern California , Department of Computer Science , Los Angeles , California , USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southern California , Department of Computer Science , Los Angeles , California , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12965","display_name":"Wildlife Conservation and Criminology Analyses","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2309","display_name":"Nature and Landscape Conservation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12965","display_name":"Wildlife Conservation and Criminology Analyses","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2309","display_name":"Nature and Landscape Conservation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10199","display_name":"Wildlife Ecology and Conservation","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11838","display_name":"Crime, Illicit Activities, and Governance","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/illegal-wildlife-trade","display_name":"illegal wildlife trade","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-machine-learning","display_name":"spatial machine learning","score":0.6669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/participatory-mapping","display_name":"participatory mapping","score":0.7699999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hot-spots","display_name":"hot spots","score":0.625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biodiversity","display_name":"biodiversity","score":0.4819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/food-insecurity","display_name":"food insecurity","score":0.6959999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/banking-infrastructure","display_name":"banking infrastructure","score":0.8840000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cameroon","display_name":"Cameroon","score":0.906000018119812}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5302000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29376679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q241741","display_name":"Wildlife","level":2,"score":0.5192000269889832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776605222","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1141338","display_name":"Wildlife trade","level":3,"score":0.5023000240325928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.43650001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779777834","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4202277","display_name":"Enforcement","level":2,"score":0.4196000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.41100001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4025999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.34769999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.34709998965263367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.3328000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33676613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13415176","display_name":"Dimension (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.32679998874664307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780262971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44554","display_name":"Law enforcement","level":2,"score":0.320499986410141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993847032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q218719","display_name":"Border crossing","level":3,"score":0.3041999936103821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C530175646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11460","display_name":"Clothing","level":2,"score":0.30230000615119934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.2822999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.2784999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59519942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q650665","display_name":"Drone","level":2,"score":0.2777000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84525736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831366","display_name":"Decision tree","level":2,"score":0.2759999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780934415","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20997131","display_name":"Border Security","level":2,"score":0.275299996137619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778572836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","level":2,"score":0.274399995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256382","display_name":"Psychological intervention","level":2,"score":0.26579999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134066672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1424639","display_name":"Payload (computing)","level":3,"score":0.2624000012874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158709400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3578586","display_name":"Spatial ecology","level":2,"score":0.2572000026702881}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.32942/x24106","doi":"https://doi.org/10.32942/x24106","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.32942/x24106","pdf_url":"https://ecoevorxiv.org/repository/object/15576/download/26983/","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eer:id:15576","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ecoevorxiv.org/repository/object/15576/download/26983/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402488","display_name":"EcoEvoRxiv","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2799848540","host_organization_name":"Center for Open Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799848540"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"EcoEvoRxiv","raw_type":"PREPRINTS"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.32942/x24106","doi":"https://doi.org/10.32942/x24106","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.32942/x24106","pdf_url":"https://ecoevorxiv.org/repository/object/15576/download/26983/","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7605999708175659,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life on land"},{"score":0.6601999998092651,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7223089784.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7223089784.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W935030780","https://openalex.org/W1501759806","https://openalex.org/W1908886966","https://openalex.org/W1995945562","https://openalex.org/W2052501406","https://openalex.org/W2076056983","https://openalex.org/W2124098624","https://openalex.org/W2143426320","https://openalex.org/W2158698691","https://openalex.org/W2472420705","https://openalex.org/W2529251251","https://openalex.org/W2892711594","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2990544743","https://openalex.org/W2991498547","https://openalex.org/W2991553865","https://openalex.org/W3038536129","https://openalex.org/W3139513695","https://openalex.org/W3207627039","https://openalex.org/W4200561054","https://openalex.org/W4210883322","https://openalex.org/W4225650019","https://openalex.org/W4238310282","https://openalex.org/W4321019909","https://openalex.org/W4361279517","https://openalex.org/W4384819674","https://openalex.org/W4391052995","https://openalex.org/W4399861637","https://openalex.org/W4403013070","https://openalex.org/W4406143727","https://openalex.org/W4410618304","https://openalex.org/W7150121168","https://openalex.org/W7168409809","https://openalex.org/W7204023065"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7221748832","https://openalex.org/W4386124415","https://openalex.org/W2789890555","https://openalex.org/W2783294918","https://openalex.org/W4410618304","https://openalex.org/W2902657368","https://openalex.org/W7203451631","https://openalex.org/W4412834347","https://openalex.org/W7131668599","https://openalex.org/W7167514494"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,83],"illegal":[1,77],"wildlife":[2],"trade":[3,80],"(IWT)":[4],"persists":[5],"despite":[6],"intervention,":[7],"demanding":[8],"new":[9],"approaches":[10],"to":[11,26,41,51,61,88,144],"allocate":[12],"limited":[13],"prevention":[14],"and":[15,46,64,72,91,106,147],"enforcement":[16],"resources":[17],"more":[18],"effectively.":[19],"Spatial":[20],"machine":[21,49,136],"learning":[22,50,137],"has":[23],"been":[24],"applied":[25],"IWT":[27,140],"for":[28,151],"this":[29,40],"purpose,":[30],"but":[31],"mainly":[32],"along":[33],"one":[34],"dimension":[35],"\u2013":[36],"place.":[37],"We":[38],"extend":[39,139],"simultaneously":[42],"address":[43],"place,":[44],"species,":[45,148],"time,":[47],"applying":[48],"participatory":[52],"mapping":[53],"data":[54],"analyzed":[55],"through":[56],"a":[57,117],"crime":[58],"script":[59],"framework":[60],"identify":[62],"drivers":[63,97],"undetected":[65],"hotspots":[66,127],"across":[67,98],"the":[68,76],"preparation,":[69],"pre-activity,":[70],"activity,":[71],"post-activity":[73],"stages":[74],"of":[75,85,121],"pangolin":[78],"scale":[79],"in":[81],"Cameroon.":[82],"level":[84],"biodiversity,":[86],"distance":[87],"international":[89],"borders,":[90],"tree":[92],"cover":[93],"emerged":[94],"as":[95],"shared":[96],"all":[99],"stages,":[100],"while":[101],"hunting":[102],"zones,":[103],"food":[104],"insecurity,":[105],"banking":[107],"infrastructure":[108],"distinguished":[109],"individual":[110],"stages.":[111],"Each":[112],"location":[113],"was":[114],"further":[115],"assigned":[116],"relative":[118],"risk":[119],"score":[120],"trafficking":[122],"involvement,":[123],"surfacing":[124],"high-risk":[125],"candidate":[126],"absent":[128],"from":[129],"existing":[130],"records.":[131],"These":[132],"findings":[133],"demonstrate":[134],"that":[135],"can":[138],"analysis":[141],"beyond":[142],"space":[143],"include":[145],"time":[146],"sharpening":[149],"targets":[150],"interventions":[152],"like":[153],"enforcement.":[154]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2026-10-22T00:00:00"}
