{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7223083604","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnsa.2026.100718","title":"Factors contributing to workplace violence against nurses perpetrated by patients or visitors (type II violence) in the United States: A scoping review","display_name":"Factors contributing to workplace violence against nurses perpetrated by patients or visitors (type II violence) in the United States: A scoping review","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7223083604","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnsa.2026.100718","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42992215","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13738287"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.ijnsa.2026.100718","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnsa.2026.100718","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnsa.2026.100718","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210240685","display_name":"International Journal of Nursing Studies Advances","issn_l":"2666-142X","issn":["2666-142X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-20","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Nursing Studies Advances","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnsa.2026.100718","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5094130113","display_name":"Lindsay Tessmer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8282-5644","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8282-5644"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1328499231","display_name":"BJC HealthCare","ror":"https://ror.org/02z9g9j20","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1328499231"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204465549","display_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","ror":"https://ror.org/01yc7t268","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25085605","display_name":"Barnes-Jewish College","ror":"https://ror.org/03jta4a35","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25085605"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lindsay Tessmer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Goldfarb School of Nursing, Barnes-Jewish College, BJC HealthCare, St Louis, MO, 63110, United States","Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8282-5644","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Goldfarb School of Nursing, Barnes-Jewish College, BJC HealthCare, St Louis, MO, 63110, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1328499231","https://openalex.org/I25085605"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159191680","display_name":"Yu-Chun Chang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5010-1473","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5010-1473"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802587341","display_name":"Kaohsiung Medical University Chung-Ho Memorial Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/02xmkec90","country_code":"TW","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802587341"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu-Chun Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Dentistry, Kaohsiung Medical University Chung-Ho Memorial Hospital, No.100, Tzyou 1st Road, Sanmin District, Kaohsiung City, 80756, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5010-1473","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Dentistry, Kaohsiung Medical University Chung-Ho Memorial Hospital, No.100, Tzyou 1st Road, Sanmin District, Kaohsiung City, 80756, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802587341"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159171416","display_name":"Lauren Yaeger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1806-0418","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1806-0418"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204465549","display_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","ror":"https://ror.org/01yc7t268","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lauren Yaeger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1806-0418","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5094130113"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1328499231","https://openalex.org/I204465549","https://openalex.org/I25085605"],"apc_list":{"value":2930,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2930},"apc_paid":{"value":2930,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2930},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.69499106,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":"100718","last_page":"100718"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11647","display_name":"Workplace Violence and Bullying","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1407","display_name":"Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11647","display_name":"Workplace Violence and Bullying","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1407","display_name":"Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10186","display_name":"Nursing education and management","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2922","display_name":"Research and Theory"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/29","display_name":"Nursing"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10508","display_name":"Patient Safety and Medication Errors","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workplace-violence","display_name":"workplace violence","score":0.8529999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nurses","display_name":"nurses","score":0.6349999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/patient-violence","display_name":"patient violence","score":0.6200000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/patient-vulnerability","display_name":"patient vulnerability","score":0.5709999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/understaffing","display_name":"understaffing","score":0.7990000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/employee-training","display_name":"employee training","score":0.6859999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covid-19","display_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","score":0.8230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/violence-prevention","display_name":"violence prevention","score":0.5989999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-administration","display_name":"medication administration","score":0.47099998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/altered-mental-status","display_name":"altered mental status","score":0.6370000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/substance-use","display_name":"substance use","score":0.921999990940094}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779919105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8035084","display_name":"Workplace violence","level":4,"score":0.6428999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.49239999055862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187155963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629029","display_name":"Occupational safety and health","level":2,"score":0.43869999051094055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.41190001368522644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3952000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017944768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1450463","display_name":"Poison control","level":2,"score":0.3847000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166735990","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1750812","display_name":"Human factors and ergonomics","level":3,"score":0.3682999908924103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526869908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3298118","display_name":"Suicide prevention","level":3,"score":0.3303000032901764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994198235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14493193","display_name":"Workplace safety","level":3,"score":0.322299987077713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190248442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q839486","display_name":"Qualitative research","level":2,"score":0.3190999925136566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190385971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q373494","display_name":"Injury prevention","level":3,"score":0.30720001459121704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.28529998660087585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.28519999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.2815999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108170787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3951828","display_name":"Agency (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.2797999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778976716","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3240539","display_name":"Harassment","level":2,"score":0.2791999876499176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.2678000032901764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.26269999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.2603999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781037410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2273650","display_name":"Workplace bullying","level":2,"score":0.2538999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.25189998745918274}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.ijnsa.2026.100718","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnsa.2026.100718","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnsa.2026.100718","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210240685","display_name":"International Journal of Nursing Studies Advances","issn_l":"2666-142X","issn":["2666-142X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-20","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Nursing Studies Advances","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13738287","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13738287/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13738287/pdf/main.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Int J Nurs Stud Adv","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:42992215","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42992215","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International journal of nursing studies advances","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:bfb7e5905455489583d183a5021151dd","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/bfb7e5905455489583d183a5021151dd","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Nursing Studies Advances, Vol 11, Iss , Pp 100718- (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.ijnsa.2026.100718","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnsa.2026.100718","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnsa.2026.100718","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210240685","display_name":"International Journal of Nursing Studies Advances","issn_l":"2666-142X","issn":["2666-142X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-20","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Nursing Studies Advances","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":1.0},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.7297000288963318},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.48510000109672546}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/systematic-review","display_name":"Systematic Review"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7223083604.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7223083604.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2005507425","https://openalex.org/W2297288959","https://openalex.org/W2593347824","https://openalex.org/W2617486682","https://openalex.org/W2807797457","https://openalex.org/W2891378911","https://openalex.org/W2979411841","https://openalex.org/W3033215561","https://openalex.org/W3035863258","https://openalex.org/W3052867626","https://openalex.org/W3083227841","https://openalex.org/W3092419658","https://openalex.org/W3214530455","https://openalex.org/W4283727275","https://openalex.org/W4296330923","https://openalex.org/W4318065702","https://openalex.org/W4319826230","https://openalex.org/W4383032184","https://openalex.org/W4388500718","https://openalex.org/W4389005559","https://openalex.org/W4389397359","https://openalex.org/W4390487876","https://openalex.org/W4390950326","https://openalex.org/W4395013911","https://openalex.org/W4401936598","https://openalex.org/W4404061342","https://openalex.org/W4408162493","https://openalex.org/W4412031103","https://openalex.org/W4414217637","https://openalex.org/W4416424395","https://openalex.org/W7164125849"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7168325690","https://openalex.org/W2901951659","https://openalex.org/W4362586460","https://openalex.org/W4223981548","https://openalex.org/W7118205215","https://openalex.org/W4413141957","https://openalex.org/W2005507425","https://openalex.org/W2392541809","https://openalex.org/W2513226066","https://openalex.org/W2038160528"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background:":[0],"Type":[1,254,292],"II":[2,255,293],"workplace":[3,27,68,166,256,294],"violence":[4,28,41,69,167,203,257,295],"against":[5,42,258,296,305],"nurses":[6,43,72,259,306],"by":[7],"patients":[8],"and":[9,18,24,59,92,101,114,127,136,140,172,195,218,232,268,277,287,315],"visitors":[10],"is":[11,33,260,273,307],"a":[12],"persistent":[13],"occupational":[14],"hazard":[15],"with":[16,118,262,309],"individual":[17],"organizational":[19,173,269,316],"consequences.":[20],"Although":[21],"the":[22,36,50,79,239],"prevalence":[23],"impact":[25],"of":[26,67,220,246],"are":[29],"well":[30,176],"documented,":[31],"less":[32],"known":[34],"about":[35],"specific":[37],"factors":[38,63,181],"contributing":[39,64,164],"to":[40,57,65,165,230,250,275,290],"in":[44,49,73,78,116,197],"hospital-based":[45,74],"acute":[46,75],"care":[47,76,210,266,313],"settings":[48,77],"U.S.":[51,80],"Objective:":[52],"This":[53],"scoping":[54,105],"review":[55,106,138],"aimed":[56],"identify":[58,276],"synthesize":[60],"evidence":[61],"on":[62],"incidents":[66,204,248],"directed":[70],"at":[71],"Information":[81],"sources:":[82],"A":[83,104],"medical":[84],"librarian":[85],"searched":[86],"Embase,":[87],"MEDLINE,":[88],"Scopus,":[89],"CINAHL,":[90],"PsycINFO,":[91],"Cochrane":[93],"databases":[94],"for":[95,216],"U.S.-based":[96],"studies":[97,159],"published":[98],"between":[99],"2016":[100],"2025.":[102],"Methods:":[103],"was":[107,143],"conducted":[108],"following":[109],"Joanna":[110,146],"Briggs":[111,147],"Institute":[112,148],"methodology":[113],"reported":[115],"accordance":[117],"PRISMA-ScR":[119],"guidelines.":[120],"Two":[121],"reviewers":[122],"independently":[123],"screened":[124],"titles,":[125],"abstracts,":[126],"full":[128],"texts.":[129],"Data":[130],"were":[131,205],"inductively":[132],"synthesized":[133],"using":[134,145],"descriptive":[135],"narrative":[137],"approaches,":[139],"methodological":[141],"quality":[142],"appraised":[144],"Critical":[149],"Appraisal":[150],"Tools.":[151],"Results:":[152],"Of":[153],"1547":[154],"unique":[155],"records":[156],"screened,":[157],"22":[158],"met":[160],"inclusion":[161],"criteria.":[162],"Factors":[163],"clustered":[168],"across":[169],"patient-level,":[170],"interactional/task-related,":[171],"domains,":[174],"as":[175,177],"temporal":[178],"trends.":[179],"Patient-related":[180],"included":[182,226],"altered":[183],"mental":[184],"status,":[185],"developmental":[186],"impairment,":[187],"trauma":[188],"histories,":[189],"substance":[190],"use,":[191],"prior":[192],"violent":[193,247],"behaviour,":[194],"gaps":[196],"communication":[198],"regarding":[199],"behavioural":[200],"triggers.":[201],"Workplace":[202],"commonly":[206],"precipitated":[207],"during":[208],"routine":[209,265,312],"activities,":[211],"including":[212],"medication":[213],"administration,":[214],"waiting":[215],"care,":[217],"delivery":[219],"food":[221],"or":[222],"beverages.":[223],"Organizational":[224],"contributors":[225],"understaffing,":[227],"limited":[228],"access":[229],"security,":[231],"insufficient":[233],"training.":[234],"Included":[235],"articles":[236],"which":[237],"spanned":[238],"COVID-19":[240],"pandemic":[241],"indicated":[242],"an":[243],"increased":[244],"proportion":[245],"relative":[249],"patient":[251,263,310],"volume.":[252],"Conclusions:":[253],"associated":[261,308],"vulnerabilities,":[264],"processes,":[267,314],"conditions.":[270,317],"Future":[271],"research":[272],"needed":[274],"test":[278],"multilevel":[279],"prevention":[280],"strategies":[281],"embedded":[282],"within":[283],"everyday":[284],"clinical":[285],"practice":[286],"healthcare":[288],"systems":[289],"reduce":[291],"nurses.":[297],"Registration:":[298],"not":[299],"registered.":[300],"Social":[301],"media":[302],"abstract:":[303],"Violence":[304],"vulnerability,":[311]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2026-10-22T00:00:00"}
